HERBERGEN ZUR HEIMAT; PRISON REFORM; WAR). Beside the institution for missionaries in Hamburg, others arose in Duisburg (1845), Züllcher and Neinatedt (1850), Berlin (1858), and elsewhere. Other agencies which received attention were young men's societies (1838), the church care of the poor, and Sunday-schools (at Hamburg as early as 1825, further expansion especially since 1862). Of special efforts of the central committee before the death of Wichern (1872) may be mentioned: the provision of pastoral care for the laborers who built the great railroads in the fifties; care of emigrants and Evangelical Germans in foreign countries; efforts to promote Sunday observance; the organization of prison associations and asylums for dismissed prisoners; the attack on gambling-houses (1854-87); the sifting of Christian literature and the attack on secular literature hostile to Christianity in the beginning of the sixties; and the organization of numerous provincial and state societies for the inner mission (Rhenish Westphalian Society 1849; others like the Southwest German Conference between 1864 and 1868).

Since 1870 it has been especially the moral and social conditions caused by the development of industry and the extraordinary growth g. History of cities that have called forth the since:870. efforts of the inner mission. A memo- rial address of the central committee in 1869 opened the battle against public immorality. The cooperation of the Evangelical Church and its inner mission in the solution of the labor question was discussed at the Stuttgart conference in 1869, and at other conferences. The social question was debated at Dresden in 1875, at Danzig in 1876, and in other cities. The efforts of the inner mission have been directed against the allurements of social democracy and its theoretical and practical materialism, which began to flourish toward the end of the seventies. Among the Christian friends of the people Adolf Stllcker, the court preacher of Berlin, especially, by the effective reorganization of the Berlin city mission and his energetic measures beginning in 1878, rendered great services to the

496

penetration of public life with the spirit of the Gospel, and his example was followed by others. In 1884 the central committee published a memorial address, Die Aufgabe der Kirche und ihrer inneren Mission gegeniiber den wirtschaftlichen and gesell schaftlichen Kampfen der Gegenwart, which had an influence second only to that of Wichern in 1849. At the same time the struggle against prostitution (memorial address of 1885) and the work of saving fallen girls (congress at Bremen 1881) were resumed with new vigor. The general celebration of the Luther anniversary in 1883 stimulated church life and originated a movement for Evangelical labor unions. Friedrich von Bodelschwingh (q.v.) began his great work at Bielefeld, and his example stim ulated others. In 1886 there were fifteen " working men's colonies," aiming to provide work for the unemployed and mitigate the tramp nuisance. Under Bodelschwingh's impulse, at the congress at Carlsruhe in 1884, the work for the homeless and unemployed had received a new impetus; between 1885 and 1888 the Herbergen zur Heimat increased from 207 to 327. At the same time colonies for working women were instituted. With the help of German friends in England and Scotland reading rooms for seamen, with arrangements for lodging, were opened indifferent seaports of the world. In 1884 the " German Association against the Abuse of Alcoholic Beverages " was organized. A great literary activity in behalf of the inner mission was developed by Pastor T. Schäfer in Altona and by the conference of theological professional workers under the guidance of General Superintendent Dr. J. Hese kiel which has met every second year since 1881. Annual courses of instruction have been instituted since 1886 in order to spread the knowledge of the work. Since 1878 the Church and the inner mission have been brought into closer connection by the elec tion of synodal representatives' for the inner mission. New suggestions have come from foreign countries, especially from England and America, in the form of Young Men's Christian Associations (Berlin, 1883) and of the " German Union for Evangelization and Practise of Fellowship" (1886), to stimulate activ ity of laymen for laymen. Between 1880~and 1890 many new organizations came into existence. With the nullification of the socialist law in 1890 an opportunity was opened for a more effective so tivity of the friends of Christianity in the sphere of social politics, the result of which was the formation of the Evangelical-social Congress (see Congress, Evangelical-Social). The zeal for the work of the inner mission shows no abatement. The old love for asylums has been newly awakened since 1895. The heads of asylums, of educational institutions, and the inner-mission officers have been consolidated into a regular con ference to secure a more efficient direction of the different institutions. In 1893 the Evangelical associations for young women were consolidated. Since 1891 women have been trained as overseers for female prisoners, while the trained men have given way to military officers. The material welfare of deserving workers in the field of the inner mission is cared for by pension funds and aid societies (1885 and 1902).

(H. Rahlenbeck.)

Bibliography: J. H. Wiehern, Die inhere Mission, Hamburg, 1889; idem, Principielles zur inneren Mission, in Gesatllmelte Schriften, vol. iii., Hamburg, 1902; C. A. G. von Zesschwitz, Innere Mission, Volkserziehung and Prophetentum, Frankfort, 1864; T. Schäfer, Die wsibliche Diakonie in ihrem gansen Umfange, Hamburg, 1879; idem, Leitfaden der inneren Mission, Hamburg, 1903; W. Martins, Die inhere Mission, Gütersloh, 1882; F. Oldenberg, J. H. Wieharn, 2 vols., Hamburg, 1884-87; J. B. Paton, The Incur Mission, London, 1888; G. Uhlhorn, Die chriseliche Liebeathatigkeit, v ol. iii., Stuttgart, 1890; P. Wurster, Die Lehre von der inneren Mission, Berlin, 1895; C. R. Henderson, in American Journal of Sociology, March, May, July, 1896; Funfzig Jahre Innere Mission, Berlin, 1898; M. Siebold, Geschichte und Beschreibung der Anstalten Bethel, S arepta, etc., Bethel, 1898; Statistik der inneren Mission der deutschen e vangelischen Kirche, Berlin, 1899; Kirchliches Jahrbuch for 1908, ed. J. Schneider, Gütersloh, 1908; Monateschrift für innere Mission, pub lished at Gütersloh since 1881; and the annual and other reports published by the central and branch organizations.