INGRAM, ARTHUR FOLEY WINNINGTON:

Church of England bishop of London; b. at Stanford (11 m. n.w. of Worcester), Worcestershire, Jan. 26, 1858. He was educated at Keble College, Oxford (B.A., 1881), and was ordered deacon and ordained priest in 18$4. After being a private tutor in 1881-84, he was curate of St. Mary's, Shrewsbury (1884-85), and private chaplain to the bishop of Lichfield (1885-88). He was head of Oxford House, Bethnal Green, London (1888-97), chaplain to the bishop of St. Albans (1890-97), and to the archbishop of York (1891-97), rector of Bethnal Green (1895-97), and rural dean of Spitalfields (1896-97); canon of St. Paul's Cathedral (1897-1901), and treasurer of the same (1898-1901). In 1897 he was consecrated bishop of Stepney (suffragan to the bishop of London), and four years later (1901) was translated to 'his present diocese of London. He has written Old Testament Difficulties (London, 1890); New Testament Difficulties (1890; Church Dzfwulties (1893); Work in Great Cit* (1895); The Men who Crucify Christ (1896); Chris( and His Friends (1897); Banners of the Chrlsti~n Faith (1899); Popular Objections to Christianity (1899); Reasons for Faith (1900); The Afterglow of a Great Reign (1901); Under the Done (1902); Addresses in Holy Week (1902); The Faith of Church and iration (1904); and The Call of the Father (sermons, 1907).

INGULF (INGULPHUS): Abbot of Crowland (Croyland); b. in London c. 1030; d. at Crowland (14 m. e.n.e. of Stamford), Lincolnshire, Nov. 16, 1109. He became secretary to William, duke of Normandy, in 1051, and, after having made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, entered the monastery of St. Wandrille in Normandy, where he became prior. In 1086 he was appointed by his former patron, now king of England, to the abbatial stall of Crowland, being one of the few Englishmen appointed to high office during the Conqueror's reign. He is known for the Historia seu descriptio abbatace Croylandenais, which was long attributed to him. This work, which is preserved in the Arundel manuscript, no. 178, in the British Museum, is now known to be a forgery dating from the thirteenth or fourteenth century, though H. S. English and Birch claim that it is a mutilation, or a reconstruction, of a genuine original by Ingulf. It was printed by Sir Henry Savile in his Rerun anglicarum scriptores post Bedam (pp. 484-520, London, 1596; reprinted, Frankfort, 1600, pp. 850-916); also by W. Fulman, with a continuation falsely attributed to Peter of Blois and other continuations, in the Rerun anglicarum veteres (pp. 1-107, Oxford, 1684); and more recently by Walter de Gray Birch in the Chronicle of Croyland Abbey (Wisbech, 1883). There is a translation

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of it by H. T. Riley in Bohn's Antiquarian Library (vol. xxix., London, 1854); also one by J. Steven son in Church Historians of England (vol. iii., London, 1854).

Bibliography: The only early source is Ordericue Vitalis, Eccl. Hist. of England and Normandy, in Bohn's Anti quarian Library, 4 vols., London, 1853-54. Consult: F. Liebermann, in NA, xviii. 225-287, (" masterly "); T. Wright, Biographia Britannica literaria, ii. 28-33, ib. 1848; T. D. Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue of Materiade, ii, 58-84, 128-129, in Rolls Series, no. 28, ib. 1885; H. S. English, Croyland and Burgh, ib. 1871 (holds to genuineness of the History); E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, iv. 800-802, 890, Oxford, 1879; O. Delare, in Revue das questions historiquta, xli (1887), 337-381; W. G. Bowie, Inpulf and the Historia Croylandensia, Cambridge. 1894; Gross, Sources, p. 187; DNB, xxix. 18-17.