HUTTER, ELIAS: German Biblical scholar; b. at Görlitz 1553; d. in Augsburg or Frankfort between 1605 and 1609. He devoted himself to Oriental languages as a student at Jena and university teacher at Leipsic; in 1579 he taught Hebrew to the elector Augustus of Saxony. He gave his life with self-sacrificing industry to the issuing of Holy Scripture. The first product of these labors was a Hebrew Bible (1587), which was later incorporated in the "Hamburg Polyglot" (see Bibles, Polyglot, V.). After several unsuccessful attempts he produced, at Nuremberg (1599), the Old Testament as far as the Book of Ruth in six languages, giving in five columns the Chaldee, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German versions, while the sixth column presented either the Low German, French, Italian, or Slavic text. _ In the same year the New Testament followed in twelve languages, and in 1602, the Psalter, in quadruple translations, the whole constituting the "Nuremberg Polyglot" (see Bibles, Polyglot, V.). He also issued the Prophets in twelve, and the Gospels in four languages. Owing to Hutter's arbitrary treatment of the text, these issues are no longer important. Their contemporary

success fell short of his indefatigable efforts, even though he enjoyed plenty of powerful patronage. In 1600 Charles IX. of Sweden applied to him to produce a Swedish Bible. As pedagogical reformer, Hutter exerted himself to found a school of lan guages at Nuremberg, where Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German should be learned within four years a thing at that time without precedent in any school or university. One of his precious possessions was the manuscript of Melanchthon's Loci com munes.

Georg Müller.

Bibliography: Unachuldiye Nachrichten von alter and neuen theologischen Sachen pp. 39200, 580-583, Leipsic, 1716; G. A. Will, Nfrnberper Gelehrtenlexikon, ii. 213, vi. 147, 8 vols., Nuremberg, 1755-1808; J. G. Walch, Bibliotheca theolog~a selects, iv. 8, 36 sqq., Jena, 1765; J. B. Glaire,

Introduction historiqve at critique aux livres de Z'A. et du N. T., i. 226 sqq., Paris, 1839; ADB, xiii. 475-476.

HUTTER (HUTTERUS), LEONHARD: German Lutheran; b. at Hellingen (near Blaubeuren, 10 m. w.n.w. of Ulm), Wfrttemberg, Jan., 1563; d. at Wittenberg Oct. 23, 1616. He studied at the universities of Strasburg, Leipsic, Heidelberg, and Jena, took his doctorate in theology at Jena in 1594, and became professor of theology at Wittenberg in 1596. After the reiterated overthrow of the Philippists in electoral Saxony in 1574 and 1591, the University of Wittenberg took the first rank as a school of Lutheran orthodoxy, and Hutter was the most orthodox of the orthodox Lutherans. He has been regarded as the prototype of orthodox Lutheran dogmatics and polemics. No one has confined himself more strictly within the borders of the Lutheran doctrine as authorized and formulated by the Church; no one has adhered with greater faithfulness not only to the spirit, but to the letter of the Lutheran symbols, especially of the Formula of Concord, to which he ascribed almost the character of inspiration. He did not recognize a developing dogmatics; for him dogma was fixed and crystallized, and he considered it as the objective norm against all attacks of other churches and sects.

Hutter's literary activity is almost entirely confined to the two sciences which at his time formed the gist of theological encyclopedia-dogmatics and polemics. His earliest writings were devoted to the explanation and defense of the Lutheran symbols, e.g. his Analysis methodicd articulorum Confessionis Augustanw. etc. (Wittenberg, 1594), his Collegium theologieum sive xl disputationm de articulis Confessionis Augustanee et libri ehrdstiante Concordia (1610), and especially his extensive commentary on the Book of Concord entitled Libri christiance Concordia explieatio Plans et perspicus (1608). But his principal work is his Compendium locorum theologicorum ex Scriptura Sacra et lZro Concordia, collectum (1610 and often). It owes its origin to the order of Elector Christian II. requesting the Wittenberg faculty to write a simple and clear compendium in strict accordance with the Formula of Concord. This new book was to take its place as the official text-book in the learned institutions of Saxony. It consists of thirty-four loci following in the main Melanchthon's order and method, and is arranged in oatechetical form, the questions and answers being adapted to the needs of three different stages of pupils. As far as possible, the Lutheran doctrine

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is set forth in the very words of the Augsburg Confession and the Formula of Concord. Besides translations of the work into various modern languages, there appeared many commentaries, compilations, and enlarged editions. Hutter's other important work, entitled Loci communes theologici (1619), is an enlargement of the compendium. In his polemical writings Hutter attacked the Calvinists and Roman Catholics and all tendency to harmonize the two Protestant confessions. Against the ironical efforts of the Heidelberg theologian, David Pareus, he wrote Irenieum vere christianum (1616), and against the Calvinists he addressed his Calvinists Aulico-Politicus (1610). When the Formula of Concord was attacked by Rudolf Hospinianus in a treatise entitled Concordia discors (Zurich, 1607), Hutter replied with his Concordia concors de origins et progressu Formulae Concordiae ecclesiarum Augustana Confessionis (1614). In the same way he defended the Lutheran Church against Roman Catholic opponents such as Bellarmine, Gretaer, and others.

(Johannes Kunze.)

Bibliography: H. Witte, Memoriae theologorum nostri seculi, Frankfort, 1674; F. Jani, De L. Huttero eiusque compendis, Leipsic, 1727; A. Weyermann, Nachrichten von Gelehrten . . . aus Ulm, pp. 343-355, Ulm, 1798; C. A. Hase, Hutterus redivivue, odor Dogmatik der evangelisch-lutharischen Kirche, Leipsic, 1839; A. G. Hoffmann, in Ersch and Gruber, Encyklopädie, IL., xiii. 222-229; W Gass, Geschichte der protestantiaschen Dogmatik, i. 251-259, Berlin, 1854; G. Frank, Geschichte der protestantischen Theologie, i. 330-332, Leipsic, 1852.