Hutter, Ulrich Von

HUTCHINSON, JOHN: English theological writer; b. at Spennithorne (36 m. w.n.w. of York), Yorkshire, 1674; d. in London Aug. 2$, 1737. Such education as he bad he received chiefly from a gentleman who lodged in his father's house. He served as steward in several families, being last employed in this capacity in the household of the duke of Somerset, who secured for him a sinecure worth �200 a year to enable him to write an exposition of his system. Hutebinebn's beet known

work is Moses' Principia (2 parts, London, 1724-1727), in which he defended what he considered the Mosaic cosmogony and attempted to refute Newton's theory of gravitation. He interpreted the Bible mystically, and regarded it as the infallible source of all true religion, philosophy, and science. He maintained that the original Hebrew, when read without points, would confirm his teachings. At one time his writings exerted considerable influence, and his followers, who were called Hutchinsonians, included such men as Duncan Forbes, John Parkhurat, George Horns, and William Jones of Nayland. His Phaosophiatl and Theological Works were edited by two of his disciples, Robert Spearman and Julius Bate (12 vols., London, 1748; Supplement, 1765). There is an Abstract from the Works of J. Hutchinwrt (Edinburgh, 1753), which has been attributed to Horns.

Bibliography: The Life, by R. Spearman, is, prefixed to the supplementary vol. of the Works, ut sup.; John Nichols, Literary Aneodotee,of the 18th century, i. 421-#22, iii. 154, 9 vols., London, 1812-15; L. Stephen, Hist. of English Thought in the 18th Century, i. 389-391, ib. 1880; DNB, uviii. 342-343.

HUTTER, hut't9n, ULRICH VON: Knight, humanist, and popular writer; b. at the castle of Steckelberg, near Fulda, in Franconia, Apr. 21, 1488; d. on the island of Ufnau, in the Lake of Zurich, Aug.' (or Sept.), 1523. He descended from a noble Frankish family, and was placed in the abbey of Fulda at the age of eleven, but after six years he fled from Fulda and broke with his father. Impelled by a glowing zeal for education and culture, the knight entered the University of Cologne and became a humanist and classical scholar. He then studied in Italy, the Beulah of the humanists. During a temporary sojourn in Germany he came forward as the avenger of his family against Duke Ulrich of W�rttemberg, who had assassil+ated Hans van Hutten, the head of the Hutten family, and in a number of satirical pamphlets depicted the duke as a monster and tyrant. In 1517 he settled permanently in Germany, and immediately took part in the struggles of the time; the great aim of his life was to free Germany from the yoke under which it was held by the pope and the Curia, and for this cause he wrote and fought with great valor. He took the part of Johann Reuchlin (q.v.), contributed money for the publication of the Epistolae obscurorum vivorum (q.v.), and published satirical dialogues. His poetical achievements induced Emperor Maximilian to crown him with the laurel (1517). Then Hutten served at, the court of Archbishop Albert of Mainz. His eyes were first opened to the real importance of the Reformation at the disputation at Leipsic in 1519. Thenceforth his only aim was to aid Luther in his struggle to deliver Germany from the Roman yoke. He demanded a restriction of papal rights in Rome as well as in Germany, a reduction of the number of ecclesiastics, and an abolition of the monasteries. Instead of benefice-hunters pious men should administer the spiritual offices. From the emoluments of prebende and monasteries and from annats, a fund should be established for the formation of a standing army of knights and common soldiers (Laadakneckte), for the protection of the

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empire, as a counterbalance against the habitual appeal to the support of the pope.

The motive power of Hutten's plans was political and social rather than religious, and he lacked a deep understanding of the religious side of Luther. This does not exclude, however, a mutual influence. Luther undoubtedly received an impulse from Hutten's edition of the famous work of Lorenzo Valla on the donation of Constantine (1518) and from his Römische Dreifaltigkeit (1519); and, on the other hand, Hutten owed a great deal more to the theologian, especially the Biblical and Evan gelical atmosphere of his later productions and his decision to address the masses in their mother tongue. After Rome had demanded the arrest and extradition of Hutten, he found a refuge at the castle of Franz von Sickingen(1520). In his writings his language became more threatening and inflam matory. Hope that the emperor would relax toward the Reformation was destroyed by the Diet of Worms. Without trial Hutten was put under the ban and compelled to leave the security of Sick ingen's castle. He tried to uphold his friends, who were on the point of forsaking his cause, but the days of his glory had gone, and his efforts had failed of tangible results. His great plans of uniting the. German nobility and free cities against the princes, and of eliminating all benefice-hunters from spiritual offices miscarried completely. He sought refuge in Schlettstadt, Basel, and Mühlhausen, but none of these cities tolerated him. Robbed of his fortune, and suffering from illness, he finally came to Zurich, where Zwingli took care of him until his early death.

(H. Ulmann.)

Bibliography: His Opera were collected by E. B&cking, 5 and 2 vols., Leipsic, 1859-70. On his German writings consult S. Szamatolski, Ulrich& von Huuen deutsche Schrif ten, Strasburg, 1891. For his life consult: D. Strauss, Ul- j rich von Hutten, Leipsic, 1871, Eng. transl., abridged London 1874; P. Bayle, Dictionary Historical and Critical, pp. 539-541, London, 1735; ADB, vol. xiii.; J. Deckert, Ulrich von Huttens Lben and Wirken, Vienna, 1901; S. M. Jackson, Huldreich Zutnpli, pp. 213-220, New York, 1903.