At first the teachings of Luther spread among the Magyar, the German and the Slavonic population of Hungary; but with the appearance of Calvinism almost all the Magyars ranged themselves under the banner of the Reformed confession, and this division of Protestantism was carried out from 1561 to 1591; it was fully completed by synods summoned for that purpose (in Transylvania in 1564, in the region of the Tizra in 1567). Since 1841 proposals have been made for union, but with almost no results. The constitution and organization of the Reformed Church were settled by the synods of 1623 and 1646. The details of the organization have been arranged lately by three general synods (1881; 1891-92; 1904-07). The church is divided into five districts (each under the rule of a bishop): the Cis-Danubian (formed 1544; see at Kunezent miklos); the Trans-Danubian (formed 1591; see at Komarom [Komorn]); the Cis-Tibiscan (formed 1572; see at Miskolcz); the Trans-Tibiscan (formed 1559; see at Debreczen); and the Transyl vanian (formed 1564; see at Kolozsvdr [Klausenburg ]). The church numbers 57 consistories, 2,030 congregations with 1,981 pastors and 188 associate pastors, and 2,452,773 communicants. There are five theological academies. The Hungarian Re formed Churches have shown great'sympathy for the Alliance of the Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian System, which they finally joined in 1905. Both the Lutheran and the Reformed Church maintain various domestic missions.
Most of the Unitarians are in Transylvania. They date from 1566 (religious freedom guaranteed in 1568; full equality with other churches in Hungary granted in 1848). They have a bishop, whose seat is at Kolozs vAr, nine deans, and 113 congregations with 109 pastors and a theological academy. The church has been largely supported by the English and American Unitarians. The Unitarians are mostly Magyars. Since the Revolution of 1848 a new sect has arisen chiefly among the lower classes, the Nazarites or "followers of Christ." Their religion seems to be a mixture of that of the Ply mouth Brethren, the Baptists, and the Mennonites. The Baptists first appeared in Hungary in 1874; their first church was in Budapest. They were recognized by the State in 1905. [This recognition involved some measure of State aid, which some were unwilling to accept, and controversy and a schism arose. A mission from the English branch of the Baptist World Alliance in 1907 succeeded in settling some of the difficulties. The Baptists now number about 16,000.
[A. H. N.]
In Hungary in 1904 there were 3,415,587 children of school age, of whom 2,657,263 were actually at tending school. There were 17,866 schools, of which 1,921 were State schools, 2,804 communal, 375 private, and 12,766 church (5,280 Roman Catholic, 1,991 Greek Catholic, 1,756 Greek Oriental, 1,362 Lutheran, 1,863 Reformed, 36 Unitarian, and 478 Jewish). There were 31,678 teachers. There were 89 normal schools with 10,362 students. There were 199 high schools in 1904, of which 63 were State schools, 11 communal, 4 private, and 121 church. There were 3,953 professors and 6,304 scholars. There are three universities: at Budapest, with 328 professors and 6,586 students; at Kolozsvdr (Klausenburg), with 110 professors and 1,925 stud ents; and at Zdgrdb (Agram), with 83 professors and 1,055 students. (K. Ri;v>az.)
Bibliography: Most of the literature is in Magyar, cf. Hauck-Herzog, RE, xx. 235. Consult further: E. Horn, Organisation religieuse de la Honprie, Paris, 1906; P. Bod, Hist. Hungarorum eccd., ed. L. W. E. Rauwenhoff and C. $zalay, 3 vols., Leyden, 1888-90; V. Krasinski, Religious Hist. of the Slavonic Nations, London, 1851; E. L. Godkin, Hist. of Hungary and the Magyars, ib. 1853; Hist. of the Protestant Church in Hungary to 1850, ib. 1854; V. Franknoi, Papst Innocenz Xl. and Ungarns Befreiung von der Titrkenherrschaft, Feriburg, 1902; G. Bart6k, A reformdtus egyhdzak preabyterfblis szervezete, Kolozsvart, 1904; A. Kiss, Tbrbk PSl 6lete, Budapest, 1904; J. Schrbdl, "History of the Pressburg Evangelical Church Community" (in Hungarian), Presburg, 19(16; M. Zailinazky, A magyar protestans epyhaz t6rtl:nete, Budapest, 1907; W. B. Bovill, Hungary and the Hungarians, London, 1908; Protestdne K46pea Napthr (annual Protestant calendar).
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