HUGHES, JOHN: First archbishop of New York; b. at Annaloghan, County Tyrone, Ireland, June 24, 1797; d. in New York Jan. 3, 1864. He came to America in 1817, and entered the Mount St. Mary's Catholic College at Emmittsburg, Md., in 1820. In 1826 he was ordained priest, and settled over a pariah in Philadelphia, where he remained until 1837, when he was appointed coadjutor-bishop of New York. Soon after his consecration in 1838 he assumed the virtual administration of the diocese, and on the death of Bishop Dubois in 1842 he succeeded to the bishopric. In 1860, when the see of New York was made an archbishopric, he went to Rome to receive the gallium at the hands of the pope. In 1847 he delivered before both houses of Congress, and at their request, a discourse upon Christianity, the only Source of Moral, Social, arid Political Regeneration (New York, 1848). On Aug. 5, 1855, he laid the corner-atone of St. Patrick's Cathedral, the high altar of which was dedicated May 25, 1879. In Nov., 1861, with Mr. Thurlow Wed, he made a semiofficial journey to Europe, at the request of Secretary Seward, to cure the friendly neutrality of European nations, especially of France.

Archbishop Hughes played a more prominent part

in America than any other Roman Catholic of his day and enjoyed much respect and popularity. He was, however, a determined Romanist, and took the Roman Catholic view of the public-school system. He was ever ready to defend himself and his Church. He had memorable controversies with John Breckinridge, Nicholas Murray, and Erastus Brooks, editor of the New York Express. One of his acts as bishop was to remove the lay trustees of church property, and to secure the titles in his own name. In this way be stopped litigation, which had brought Romaniets into disrepute. He also established (1841) St. John's College, Fordham, N. Y. His Complete Works, consisting of occasional sermons and controversial writings, were edited by L. Kehoe (2 vols., New York, 1864-65).

Bibliography: J. R. G. Hansard, Life, Correspondence and Writings of Archbishop Hugh", New York, 1886; J. G. Shea, Archbishop J. Hughes, Boston, 1889; T. O'Gorman, American Church History Series, ix. 374-37b et passim, New York, 1895.

HUGHES, JOSEPH: .English Baptist; b. in London Jan. 1,1769; d. there Oct. 12, 1833. He studied at Bristol College and at the University of Aberdeen (M.A., 1790), became classical tutor at Bristol College is 1791, assistant minister at Broadmead Chapel, Bristol, in 1792, and pastor of the Baptist Chapel at Battersea, London, in 1797. He was secretary of the Religious Tract Society sold of the British and Foreign Bible Society from their organization till his death. His writings include several sermons and the celebrated paper, The Ezceilertce of the Holy Scriptures (London, 1803).

Bibliography: J. Leifohild, Memoir of Joseph Hughes, London. 183b.