HUG, JOHANN LEONHARD: Roman Catholic Biblical scholar; b. at Constance June 1, 1765; d. at Freiburg, in Breisgau, Mar. 11, 1846. After a brilliant career in the University of Freiburg he became (1787) superintendent of studies in the priests' seminary connected with the university, and in 1791 professor of Oriental languages and of the Old Testament, in 1792 of the New Testament. The remainder of his life was spent in the service of the university. Hug's chief work was in the field of Biblical criticism and isagogics. He furnished contributions of lasting value to the conception of New Testament isagogics as a historical science and to the careful division of its different spheres according to the requirements of historical criticism. In spite of his critical attitude and unprejudiced, fearless spirit of investigation, his results bear a thoroughly positive and essentially conservative character. His chief work is his Einleitung in die Schriften des neuen Testaments (2 vols., Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1808; later eds., 1821, 1826, 1847; Eng. transl., An Introduction to the Writings of the New Testament, by D. G. Wait, London, 1827, and by David Fosdick, Jr., with notes by Moses Stuart, Andover, 1836). Of other theological works may be mentioned Die 'mosaischeGeschichte des Menschen (Frankfort, 1793); De antiquitate codiew Vaticani commentatio (Freiburg,1810); Das hohe Lied in einer noch unversuchten Deutung (1813); and Schutzschrift für seine Deutung des Hohenliedes and desselben weitere Erklarung (1815); De conjugii christiani vinculo indissolubili commentatio exegetica (1816); and De Pentateuchi versione Alexandrina tbmmentalio (1818).
Bibliography: A. Maier, Oedaehtnierede auf Johann Leon- hard Hug, Freiburg, 1847; idem, in KL, vi. 338-341; K. Werner, Geschichte der katholuchen Theologie in Deutschland, pp. 527-533, Munich, 1866; ADB, ziii. 393-394.
HUGH, SAINT: The name of two English saints, both connected with the city of Lincoln.
1. Bishop of Lincoln; b. at Avalon (26 m. s.e. of Auxerre), Burgundy, c.1135; d. in London Nov. 16, 1200. At the age of eight, with his father, he entered a priory of regular canons at Villarbenoit. Here he received his education in company with other children of noble birth. He was ordained deacon about 1155 and appointed to the mission chapel of St. Maximin about 1159. Shortly after 1160 he entered the monastery of the Grande Chartreuse and became procurator in 1170. At the request of Henry 11. of England he went to England about 1175 to take charge of a Carthusian monastery at Witham, Somersetshire. He became bishup of Lincoln in 1186, and took up his residence at Stow, about twelve miles from Lincoln. Hugh showed no alight moral courage. He never suffered encroachment upon his rights, fearlessly opposed the demands of Henry, Richard, and John, and won their admiration by his unflinching steadfastness. He was much esteemed in life, and after his death his tomb in the cathedral at Lincoln at once became a place of pilgrimage. He was canonized in 1220.
2. An alleged victim of ritual murder by the Jews, called " Little Hugh "; b. at Lincoln c. 1246; d. there 1255. The body of the boy, who had been missing for a month, was found Aug. 28, 1255, in a well on the premises of a Jew named Copin, and the Jews of Lincoln were at once accused of having crucified the child. There was no evidence to support the charge; but such accusations were common as a means of extorting money from the Jews. A "confession" having been forced from Copin, be and eighteen others were executed and their property confiscated. Ninety-one other Jews were condemned to death, but were released in consideration of a large ransom paid to Richard, earl of Cromwell. The body of young Hugh was buried in great state in the cathedral at Lincoln, and a shrine was erected over his tomb. The martyrdom of Hugh has furnished the theme of various French, English, and Scottish ballads. Chaucer refers to it in his Prior ess' Tale, and Marlowe in his Jew of Malta.
Bibliography: 1. The early anonymous Vita is in MPL, cliii., also ed. J. F. Dimock, London, 1864; the same edi tor issued another Vita by Giraldus Cambrenais, ib. 1877, and also a Vita metrica, Lincoln, 1860; cf. T. D. Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue, ii. 542-550, nos. 711-724, in Rolls
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2. Matthew of Paris, Chronica, ed. H. R. Lusrd, no. 57 in Rolls Series, v. 518-519, 548, 552, 7 vols., London, 1872-84; Annales Burtonienses, ed. H. R. Luard, no. 38 in Rolls Series, 1. 340-341, 348, 371, ib. 1864; and Annalea . de Waverlaia, in the same no., ii. 346, ib. 1885; ASB, July, vi. 494-495.
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