HOSPITALERS (HOSPITAL BROTHERS AND SISTERS): A general term for monks, nuns, canons, laymen, or knights spiritual, usually bound by the Augustinian rule, who devote themselves to the care of the sick in hospitals. .If closely connected with monastic orders or canonries, they are subject to the bishop, although some are controlled immediately by the Curia. Generally speaking, they do not take solemn vows, but bind themselves to poverty and hospitality, as well as to the care of the sick. The hospitalers probably arose in the early Middle Ages, though there is little direct evidence of the existence of such communities independent of monasteries of canonries before the crusades, the period which first evoked the chief orders and fraternities of this class, and gave independence to municipal hospitals which had previously been controlled by monasteries. Certain of these orders and congregations are treated in separate articles (see Agonizants; Alexians; Anthony, Saint, Orders of; Bethlehemites; Charity, Brothers of; Cross, Orders of the; Hippolytus, Saint, Brothers Or Hospitalers of; Humiliati; John, Saint, Order of Hospitalers of; Sack Brethren; Teutonic Order; Vincent de Paul, Saint; Women, Congregations of). The following are less prominent orders of men: (1) The Hospitalers of Burgos, with Cistercian rule, founded in 1212 to protect pilgrims to St. James of Compostella, in 1474 united with the Order of Calatrava; (2) Bridge Brethren (Fratres pontiftces), said to have been established by St. Benazet in 1177 for building and maintaining bridges for pilgrims, but probably entirely legendary, like their founder; (3) Brethren of St. James of Hautpas (Altipassus), near Lucca, founded for a similar purpose, and with a mother house near Lucas as early as 1127 and a Hospital of St. James of Hautpas founded at Paris in 1322, as well as other houses, suppressed by Pius II. in 1459; (4) Penitential Brethren of Brussels; (5) Hospitalers of Albrac (Aubrac, in southern Auvergne); (6) Hospitalers of the Immaculate Conoeption; and (7) Triestines, or Brethren

378 of Love, founded at Ghent by Canon Trieat in 1810. The following are minor orders of hospital sisters, who frequently added to their duties as hoapitalera the education of girls, the care of orphans, and the reformation of prostitutes: (1) Nuns of the Sack (Saccarice, Sachdtes), corresponding closely to the Sack Brethren, with a house at Paris beside Saint AndrE; des Arcs, which is still commemorated by the Rue Sachettea; (2) Hospital Sisters of St. Gervais, who controlled the hospital of St. Gervaia, founded at Paris in 1171, in which homeless men were given shelter and care for three days; (3) Hospital Sisters of St. Catherine (Cat.'IErinettes), Augustinian in rule like the foregoing, whose Hospital of St. Catherine, founded at Paris in 1188, was for women what the Hospital of St. Gervais was for men, and who also interred those who died in prison and other un claimed corpses; (4) the Haudryettea, or Daughters of the Assumption, established about 1250 by the wife of Ptienne Haudry, the private secretary of St. Louis, who later spread throughout France, and survived until the Revolution; (5) Hospital Sisters of the Hfitel-Dieu, or "Daughters of God" (Fillea de Dieu), who supervised the great hospital of Paris; (6) Hospital Sisters of the Holy Spirit, Auguatinian canoneasea who controlled the hospital built at Poligny in 1212. A name similar to the last was borne by other ca,noneasea who devoted themselves to hospital work, and also by many non-Augustinian sisterhoods in France (at Abbeville, Beauvais, Pontoise, Cambrai, and elsewhere), Germany, and other countries.

(O. Zöckler†.)

Bibliography: On the Hospital Brothers: F. Hunter, in TQ, xxviii (1842), 228 sqq.; G. Rstsinger, Guchichle den kirchlichen Armenpfte, pp. 254 sqq., Freiburg, 1884; G. Uhlhorn, Die chrieUiche LiebeathStipkeit im Mitttlalter. PP. 85 sqq., 199 sqq., 278-279, 468 sqq., Stuttgart, 1884: Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, ii. passim and Index, " Hospitaliter "; Helyot, Ordru monaatiquse vol. iii. passim. On the Hospital Sisters: M. du Camp, Die WohltletltigkeitaanetaTten den christliclbn Barmherxip keit au Paris, pp. 287 sqq., Mainz, 1887; Little, in English Historical Review, Jan., 1894, pp. 121-122; Helyot, ut sup., vol. iv. passim; Heimbucher, ut sup., Index, " Hoe- pitaliterinnen."