HOBERG, GOTTFRIED: German Roman Cath olic; b. at Heringhausen, Westphalia, Nov. 19, 1857. He was educated at Münster, Dillingen, and Bonn (Ph.D., 1885; D.D., Münster, 1886). He was privat-docent at Bonn in 1886-87, after which he was professor of Old Testament exegesis at Pader born until 1890, when he was appointed professor of New Testament exegesis at Freiburg, being trans ferred to his present chair of Old Testament exegesis in 1893. He is a member of the papal committee on the Bible, and besides editing the Theologische Rundschau für das katholische Deutschland since 1894, has written 11m dinnii de fexione libellus (Leipsic, 1885); Die Psalmen der Vulgata (Freiburg, 1892); Akademisches Taschenbuch für katholische Theologen (3 vols., Paderborn,1892-95); Die Genesis nach dem Litteralsinn erkldrt (Freiburg, 1899); Die alteste lateinische Uebersetzung yes Buches Baruch (1902); and an edition of the Hebrew text of Genesis, with the Vulgate (1008).

HOBSON, BENJAMIN LEWIS: Presbyterian; b. at Lexington, Mo., July 31, 1859. He was educated at Central University, Central, Ky. (B.A., 1877), Johns Hopkins University (1881-82), Union Theological Seminary,Va. (1882-83), Princeton Theological Seminary (1883-86), and the University of Berlin (1888-90). After holding Presbyterian pastorates at Springfield, Mo. (1886--87), and Crescent Hill Church, Louisville, Ky. (1891-93), he was appointed in 1893 to his present position of professor of apologetics in McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, Ill.

HOCHMANN (hoH'mdn) VON HOHENAU (HOCHENAU), ERNST CHRISTOPH: Pietist; b. at Lauenburg (25 m. s.e. of Hamburg) 1670; d. 1721. He began the study of law at Halle, but was expelled in 1693 on account of his eccentric views. In 1697 he was at Giessen, where he lived in intimate association with Arnold and Dippel; in the following year he was a missionary to the Jews in Frankforton-the-Main, whence he was soon expelled on the occasion of a general persecution of the Pietists. After a short stay at Darmstadt, whence he was also expelled, he found a refuge at Berleburg on the estates of Count Wittgenstein. Here he lived a devotional and ascetic life and won the esteem and friendship of the ruling family of Wittgenstein, but his restless nature did not suffer him to remain very long in this secluded spot. In 1697 his unsteady wanderings through western, northern and southern Germany had begun; whenever a field of labor opened itself to him, he was expelled. This labor consisted in the nurture of an inner, living, and personal Christianity under an unchurchly and even antichurchly form. External churchliness and loyalty to a creed he considered not only insufficient, but evil, and he vehemently opposed churchdom and orthodoxy. The five main points of his doctrine are: baptism for adults only; the Lord's Supper only for the chosen disciples of Jesus; the possibility of a perfect sanctification on earth; the reign of the spirit, i.e., Christ alone is the head of the congregation, and no human magistrate may institute preachers and teachers; the magistrate belongs to the sphere of nature and is to be obeyed on civil and external matters, but not in things that are contrary to the word of God, to the conscience of the individual, or to the liberty of Christ. Hochmann found many adherents, especially at Crefeld, Duisburg, Muhlheim, Wesel, Emmerich, and other places in the Rhine region; later on, however, there occurred a split in his party on account of differences in regard to the validity of infant baptism.

(F. Bosse.)

Bibliography: J. H. Jung-Stilling, Theobald, oder der Schwhrmer, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1784-85, Eng. transl., Theobald; or the Fanatic, Philadelphia, 1846; M. Gobel, Geschichte yes christlichen Lebens in der rheinisch-uxstfalischen evangelischen Kirche, ii. 809-855, Coblenz 1852 A. Ritschl, Geschichte yes Pietismuz, 3 vols., Bonn, 1880-86.