Heumann, Christoph August

HETZER, LUDWIG. See Haetzer, Ludwig.

HEUBNER, heib'ner, HEINRICH LEONHARD: German Lutheran; b. at Lauterbach (in the Erzgebirge, 15 m. s.e. of Chemnitz) June 2, 1780; d. at Wittenberg Feb. 12, 1853. After. schooling at Schulpforta and studying at Wittenberg, where, in 1805, he qualified as lecturer, he became superin. tendent and first director of the Wittenberg theological seminary, in 1832; and so served till his death. As theologian Heubner adopted the standpoint of F. V. Reinhard (q.v.) until about 1817; and since he was uninfluenced by newer theological, as well as philosophic, tendencies, his theology

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bore somewhat of an antiquated stamp. Never theless his fervent piety elevated him to a sincerity and warmth that far exceeded the forms of the routine school system. Accordingly, his power lay not in his academic activity, nor yet in his sermons, but in the influence of his Christian personality. Loyalty to the confession of the Lutheran Church caused him to refuse acquiescence in the Act of Union and acceptance of the new liturgy. Respect for his personality, however, induced the authorities to leave him undisturbed. His publications are limited to minor treatises, two collections of ser mons, and the reissue of Reinhard's Plan Jesu (Wittenberg, 1830; Eng. trend., including Heub ner's notes, Plan of the Founder of Christianity, New York, 1831) and Bücbner's Handkonkordmiz to the Bible (Halle, 1840). After his death there appeared a practical exposition of the New Testament (4 vols., Potsdam, 1858), and Christliche Topik oder Darstellung der christlichen Glmubenalehre für den homiletischen Gebraueh (1863), based on his lectures.

Georg Rietschel.

Bibliography: H. Schmieder, Evangelisdha Kirdhenceitung, 1883, pp. 289 sqq.; Zurn Gedachtnise Dr. Heinrich Leonhard Haubne, Wittenberg, 1883; G. Bietechel, Heinrieh lvnhard Heubner, ib. 1880; Wangemann, Die kirehlick Cabinets-Politik des KBriiga FWedrich WiMm 111., pp. 171 sqq., 182 sqq., Berlin, 1884; A. Koch, Dr. HeinrlcA Leonhard Heubner in wiaenberp, ib. 1885.

HEUMANN, hei'miin, CHRISTOPH AUGUST: German Protestant; b. at Alat#dt, Thuringia, Aug. 3, 1681; d. at Göttingen May 1, 1764. He received his education at the gymnasium at Saalfeld and at the University of Jena, where he became privet-docent in philosophy in 1702. After traveling in Germany, Holland, and France, he became director of the seminary and gymnasium at Eisenach in 1709. Here he remained till 1717, when he accepted a similar position in the gymnasium at Göttingen. Here he had abundant opportunity to display his talents as administrator, teacher, and writer. In 1734 the premises of the gymnasium were required for the erection of the new university. Heumann expected an appointment as full professor of theology, since he had received the doctorate in theology at Helmstedt in 1728, and had declined several calls to universities. But he was appointed professor of the history of literature and associate professor of theology. At last he received a full professorship in theology in 1745. In 1758 he felt obliged to retire, since he disagreed with the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord's Supper. He devoted the rest of his life to literary work. He was an indefatigable writer; the mere enumeration of his works occupies 134 pages in his biography by Cassius. He wrote on theology, criticism, philology, history of philosophy, biography, etc. Of his theological writings, the principal are his translation of the New Testament (Hanover, 1748), his commentary on the New Testament (12 vols., 1750-83), and the posthumous Erweias, doss die Lehre der reformierten Kirche vom Abendmahde die rechte sei (3 parts, 1764), which grievously offended the Lutherans and called forth numerous replies.

(Paul Tschackert.)

Bibliography: G. A. Cassius, Ausjiahrlidle Lebenebsschreib. uno Hsumanne. Cassel. 1788; Zsit and Geschichtebo-

wAreibung der Stadl Göttingen, iii. 128-300, Göttingen, 1738; C. G. Heyne, Memoria Heumanni, ib. 1784; ADB, si. 327 sqq.