8. Dates of Old Testament Literature
The story of the development of Hebrew literature
as given by the critical school is as follows: From
the pre-Mosaic period came the folk-
songs embodied in the Pentateuch,
such as the
sword song of
Lamech, and
the oral traditions respecting origins of
the world, of nations, and of tribes such
as were common to the Semitic world.
From the Mosaic period were transmitted the body
of Mosaic precepts and decisions which were later
formulated
in the earliest'written codes, but were
at first handled down orally from the period of
wandering, and also such songs as Ex. xv. and
Num. xxi. 17-18.
From the immediate post-Mosaic age
(beginning about 1100
B.C.)
came the Song. of
Deborah and oral traditions respecting the conquest
and the period of the Judges
which followed hard
after. It is regarded as probable that written
records began soon after the establishment of the
kingdom in the shape of official annals, and, later,
temple records. About 1000
B.C.
is the date of
David's law of booty
(I Sam. xxx. 24-25),
his elegy
on Saul and Jonathan
(II Sam. i. 17
sqq.), and that
on Abner
(II Sam. iii. 33-34),
and, soon after,
Nathan's parable
(II Sam. xii. 1-4),
while the date
assigned to the blessing of Jacob (Gen.
xhx.),
Solomon's prayer
(I Kings viii. 12
sqq.), to the
compiling of the book on the wars of Yahweh (cf.
Num. xxi. 14)
and of the book of Jasher (cf.
Josh. x. 12-13);
and to the Balsam discourses (Num.
xxiii.-xxiv.) is c. 970. The primitive codes (Ex.
xiii.,
xa.
23-xxiii. 19, etc.) were probably first collected in the same
period (950-900
B.C.).
The
beginnings of formulated history in the J narrative,
and the collection of the life of Saul are placed in
the middle of the ninth pre-Christian century.
Deut. xxxiii. is dated about 800, while to about 750
are assigned the E narrative and the cycle of Elijah
and Elisha stories in their earliest form. Between
750 and 760 fall the prophecies of Amos, Hosea,
Isaiah, Micah, while the latter date is believed to be
that of Judges xvii-xviii., and the Book of Samuel
took nearly its present form about the same time.
It is probable that early in the seventh century
the nucleus of the Psalter was gathered, about 650
came the blending of the J and E narratives, and
the Deuteronomic Code (Deut. v. or xii.-xxx.) was
written and adopted soon after (621
B.C.).
Meanwhile Nahum and Zephaniah (650-830) had taken
form, Jeremiah had begun his work (625), while
Habakkuk delivered his oracles about 605. The
first edition of the Books of Kings is believed to
have been issued about 600, and soon after Ezekiel
began his work of instruction (in 592). The fall of
Jerusalem was followed after no long interval by
the writing of Lamentations and probably by
Baruch's edition of the prophecies of Jeremiah, and
the Book of Obadiah is also to be located in the same
period. The exile was a time fruitful in literary
production, including the Deuteronomic redaction
of Judges-Kings except Ruth, the union of the J,
E, and Deuteronomic narratives, the issue of Isa.
xl.-Iv. (or lxii.), possibly the Holiness Code (Lev.
xvii~xxvi.), and other beginnings of the Priest Code.
Haggai and Zechariah belong to the period following the return, or 520-518. The early part of the
fifth century doubtless saw the practical completion
of the Priest Code and its blending with the Holiness
Code, and the completion of the second part of
Isaiah (chaps. lvi. [or lxii.]-lxvi.). Between 460 and
400 the Book of Ruth, the prophecies of Malachi,
the documents used in Ezra-Nehemiah, and chapters
inserted in the first part of Isaiah (such as chap.
xxxiv.) were written. The next century (400-300
B.C.)
witnessed the completion of the Pentateuch
by the interweaving of all the documents, the completion of the books from Genesis to Kings, the issue
of the prophecies of Joel, the compilation of Proverbs, the writing of Isa. xxiv.-xxvii., and of Job,
while the nucleus of the Psalter, consisting of Ps.
iii.-xli., was expanded by the addition of books ii.-iii.
(Ps. xlii.-Ixxxix.), and it may be that Zech. ix.-xiv.
is to be put in this period. To the latter half of
the century Canticles is sometimes assigned. The
work of the Chronicler (I-II Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah) is with great confidence placed about 300
B.C.
Ecclesiastes is put late in the next century, Esther
is not regarded as earlier than 200-150, while Daniel,
considered the latest book in the canon (unless
Esther postdates it), is dated 168-165, while the
completion of the Psalter is put about 140. Although for the later books the dates given are
regarded as indicated by facts which are reasonably
certain, and on which there is a growing consensus,
for the postponement of the beginning of literary
work as exemplified in the Pentateuch the critics
rely not merely on data supplied by the documents
themselves, but on the general principle that advancement in culture and a certain fixity of institutions and life are required before writing may
take form. This seems to be the law of literary
development. See
Biblical Introduction, I., and
the articles on the separate books, in which the
positions taken above as to the dates will be found
to be traversed. It was not
thought desirable to
have a separate article upon these differences.
Geo. W. Gilmore.