GURNEY, JOSEPH JOHN: Philanthropist and Friend; b. at Earlham Hall, near Norwich, Aug. 2, 1788; d. there Jan. 4, 1847. He attended lectures for a while at Oxford, and was recognized in 1818 as a minister by the Friends. In 1837-40 he preached in the United States and the West Indies. He aided his sister Elizabeth Fry (q.v.) in her measures for prison-reform, and was the associate with Clarkson, Wilberforce, and his brother-in-law, T. Fowell Buxton, in their efforts for the abolition of the slave-trade. He was also a prominent advocate of total abstinence, and his temperance tract, Water is Best, has been widely circulated. Among Friends, he - led an orthodox movement both in England and America which profoundly affected his, branch of the Society, and in the latter country produced a separation (see Friends, Society of, I.,., § 7; Wilbur, John).

Gurney issued a number of tracts and pamphlets, with some larger works. Of these the principal. are, Essays on the Evidences, Doctrines and Practice Operations of Christianity (London, 1827); History, Authority, and Use of the Sabbath (1831), and Puseyism traced to its Root (1845).

Isaac Sharpless.

Bibliography: The principal Memoir is by J. B. Braith- waite, 2 vols., Norwich, 1854, Bd ad., 1902; others are by J. Alexander, London, 1847; and B. Barton, ib. 1847. Consult also DNB, xriii. 803-304, and F. 8. Turner, The Quakers, pp. 295-302 et passim, London, 1889.

GURY, gii"ri', JEAN PIERRE: French Roman Catholic moralist; b. at Mailleroncourt, FrancheComte, Jan. 23, 1801; d. at Vals (80 m. a. of Lyons) Apr. 18, 1886. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1824, studied at Rome 1828-32, and in 1833 became professor of morals at the Jesuit College in Vals. In 1847 he went to Rome as professor at the Collegium Romanum, but returned to Vals in 1848 and taught there till his death. Following Alfonse Liguori he revived the old Jesuit casuistry and probabilism. His teachings are embodied in Com pendium theologies moralis (2 vols., Lyons and Paris, 1850; best ed., Rome, 1882), which quickly became a favorite text-book of ethics among Roman Catholics; and Casus canacientice in prwcipuas questiones theologise moralis (2 vols.,1864, new ed.,1891). Both works have been variously edited and revised in numerous editions.

Bibliography: Vie du J. P. (icy, Le Pay, 1807; C. W. Lines, Das Handbuch der djeologisrhen Moral des Jeeuiten Oury und die ckristlide Ethik, Freiburg, 1809.