GRUENSLEDER, grftns-16'der, (GRUENLLEDER, GRUENSLEDERER), ULRICH: German Hussite; burned as a heretic at Regensburg Mar. 31, 1421. He came from Vohenstrauss (near Weiden, 32 m. s.e. of Baireuth) in the Upper Palatinate, was educated at Regensburg, was ordained priest, and, about 1420, occupied the post of chaplain in Regensburg. The Hussite doctrines, toward which a portion of the Bavarian clergy just then inclined, found a zealous adherent in GrUnaleder. He translated sundry writings of Huss into German, dissemina ting the same in lay circles, and by clandestine sermons sought to gain a following for Hussite ideas. In May, 1420, he was seized as a heretic. Notwithstanding prolonged custody under the In quisition, he could not be induced to abjure his heretical persuasion. Consequently he was put to death.

Herman Haupt.

Bibliography: Andrew of Regensburg, Cronica de espeditionibus in Bohemian contra Husaistas haereticos, ed. K. HMer, Geschichteschreiber der husitischsn Bewepung, in Fontes rerum Auetriacarum, Division 1, vol. vi., part 2, pp. 427-458, Vienna, 1866; idem, Chronicon generals, in B. Pes, Thesaurus anecdotorurn novissimorum, iv. 723, Augsburg, 1723; H. Haupt, in Historisdes Taschenbuch, 6 ser., vii. 246-247.

GRUETZMACHER, GEORG: German Protestant: b. at Berlin Dec. 22, 1866. He was educated at the universities of Lausanne, Berlin, and Halle (Ph. D., Heidelberg, 1892), and in 1892 became privat-docent for church history and New Testament exegesis at Heidelberg, where he has been associate professor of church history since 1896. He has written Untersuchung caber den Ursprung der in Zacharia 9-I!t vorliegenden Prophetien (Berlin, 1892); Die Bedeutung Benedikts van Nursia und seiner Repel in der Geschichte des Monehtums (1892); Pachomius urul das liltede Klosterleben (Leipsic, 1896); Die evangelische Landeskirche des GrossJkerzogtums Baden (Freiburg, 1898); and Hieronymus: biographische Studien zur alten KirehxngesehicW (2 vols., Leipsic and Berlin, 1901-06).

GRUETZMACHER, RICHARD HEINRICH: German Protestant; b. at Berlin Dec. 3, 1876. He was educated at the universities of Heidelberg and

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Berlin (lic. theol., 1901), and in 1902 became privat docent at Greifswald. In the following year he was appointed to his present position of associate professor of systematic theology at Rostock. He has written Wort and Geist, eine historasche und dog matische Untersuchuug zum Gnadenmittel des Wortes (Leipsic, 1902); Weltweites Chridentum (Hamburg, 1904); Studien zur sgstematischen Theologie (2 parts, Leipsic, 1905); Moderns positive Vortrage (1906); and Ist das liberals Jesusbild modern f (1907).