GRUENEISEN, grlUn-ni'sen, CARL: Theologian, preacher, art patron, and poet; b. at Stuttgart Jan. 17, 1802; d. there Feb. 28, 1878. His parents educated him in the spirit of true religion, and also that of genuine artistic liberality. He studied at the gymnasium of Stuttgart and in 1819 entered the University of Tübingen, where he studied theology. In 1824 he visited the principal cities of Germany, and was attracted by the theology of Schleiermacher in Berlin. Then he traveled to Italy where he showed a deep interest in the treasures of ancient and medieval art. King William I. of Württemberg appointed him court chaplain and field chaplain of the guards. In 1835 he entered the consistory; in 1846 he became court preacher. He took a prominent part in reforms of liturgy, hymn-book, and church constitution, and awakened a sense for art in the Church. In 1847 with Immanuel Faisat he organized a "Society for Classical Church Music," and in 1857 a "Society for Christian Art in the Evangelical Church of Württemberg." In 1846 the king sent him to the first German Evangelical Church Conference in Berlin which had been convened for the purpose of bringing about a closer union between the German state churches, from which sprang, in 1852, chiefly under the influence of Graneisen, the Church Conference of Eisenach which elected him its president regularly from 1852 to 1868 (see Eisenach Conference). On account of his Prussian sentiments he incurred the displeasure of King Charles, the successor of William. In 1868 he was forced to resign his position, but the consistory appointed him honorary member. In 1870 he retired altogether from official activity, and devoted himself

to art, chiefly in the service of the Church. He published Predigten für Gebildete in der Gemeinde (anonymously, Stuttgart, 1835); Die evangelischen Gottesdienstordnungen in den oberdeutschen Landen (1839); Christliches Hausbuch in Gebeten and Liedern (1846; 7th ed., 1883); and five collections of Chrisaiche Reden (1856-63). In the sphere of Christian art he published: Ueber bildliche Darstellung der Gottheit (1828); Ueber das Sittliche in der bildenden Kunst bei den Griechen (1835); De, protestantismo arttbus hand infesto (1839); Ulms KunStleben im Mittelalter (with E. Mauch, 1846); and (his most important work) Niklaus Manuel, Leben and Werke vines Malers and Dichters, Kriegers, Staatsmanns and Reformators im 16. Jahrhundert (1837). He also edited an art journal, Christliches Kunstblatt für Kirche, Schule and Haus.

(H. Mosapp.)

Bibliography: Luthardt, in Aligemeine evangelisd-Lutheri sche Kirchenaeitung, 1878, pp. 233 sqq.; Gottschalk, in Unsera Zeit, 1878, p. 628; W. Litbke, in Kunetchronik, supplement to Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst, 1878, pp. 386 sqq.