GRISWOLD, SHELDON MUNSON: Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop of Salina, Kan.; b. at Delhi, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1861. He was educated at Union College (A.B., 1882) and at the General Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1885. He was then rector at Union, N. Y. (1885-88), Emmanuel, Little Falls, N. Y: (1888-90), and Christ Church, Hudson, N. Y. (1890-1903), being also archdeacon of Albany (1898-1902). In 1903 he was consecrated missionary bishop of Salina.

GROEN, grOn, VAN PRINSTERER, GUILLAUME: Conservative Dutch statesman and religious leader; b. at Voorburg, an eastern suburb of The Hague, Aug. 21, 1801; d. at The Hague May 19, 1876. He studied classical philology and law at the University of Leyden, where he belonged to the circle which gathered around the poet Bilderdijk, from whom he received an impulse that led him to break with liberalism; but while Bilderdijk was a pronounced reactionary, Groen became the father and leader of the "antirevolutionary" party. In 1827 the king appointed him referendary of the cabinet; in 1829 he became secretary. In 1828 he went to Brussels, where he learned to know the Revolution, and also, through the "awakening" under the influence of Merle d'Aubign5, the Gospel. His watch-word now became, "against revolution,.the Goapell" A severe illness forced Groen to resign his position as secretary, but in 1833 he became director of the royal archives, devoting himself principally to historical studies and the edition of the Archives ou torreapondance iMdite de la maison d'Orange-Nasstdu (14 vols., Leyden, 1855-82). In 1840 he was elected member of the "Double Chamber," which had been convened for the purpose of revising the constitution. With power and ability he defended and recommended his antirevolutionary principles. During the following eight years he kept aloof from practical politics, delivering before a select audience a famous course of historical lec. tures, which he published under the title Ongeloof en revolulie (" Unbelief and Revolution," Leyden, 1847)-a powerful testimony against both evils and for Groen himself a confession of faith.

The period of his most vigorous activity now so

began. In 1849 the district of Harderwijk sent him to the Second Chamber, of which he was a member until 1857. When he entered, he stood alone in his views, yet he did not hesitate to take up a vigorous campaign against Thorbecke, the leader of the liberal party. In spite of his strenuous activity, he found time from 1850 to 1855 to edit a daily paper, De Nederlander, for the propagation of his religious and political principles and supported it entirely from his own means. But everywhere he met either open or underhand resistance. He opposed with great zeal a bill advocating the emancipation of the school from the Church, and when it was passed in spite of his protests, he resigned his position as member of the Second Chamber. Later he entered it again for a short time, but in 1865 he turned his back on parliamentary life forever. His influence was still potent, however. He gave the impulse to the organization of the "Association for Christian-National Instruction in Schools" (1861) and took an active part in its leadership. He worked for his conservative principles until his death, firmly believing that his ideas would in the end prevail among the people, in spite of the continual triumph of the parties opposed to him.

Groan was a faithful Christian, a Calvinist, and a Netherlander who knew and understood the history of his people. These circumstances explain his principles and actions. Faith and subjection to God were to him the highest ideals. Without them, he held, there is no salvation for a people. God's sovereignty must be acknowledged in the political sphere as well. Reason is corrupted by sin. Whoever enthrones the principle of reason is "revolutionary." The "revolutionary" principle in Church and State, school and science, must be opposed by the Gospel. He stood upon the ground of Christian history, and in church matters advocated the confessional tendency, being a decided opponent of the liberty of doctrine as it was advocated by the School of Groningen (q.v.). The influence of Groan's ideas is perceptible in the political and ecclesiastical tendencies in the Netherlands of the present, but owing to the fact that he did not succeed in uniting his thoughts in a compact system, there is no harmony among the different parties. His moat important works not already mentioned are: Handboek der Geschiedertia van hat Vaderland (Amsterdam, 1852), Maurice et Barteeveld, etude his-

'~ torlqtie (187b), and a number of pamphlets on canon law. Beside his daily paper De Nederlander, he published also a political journal entitled Neder lartdache Gedachten.

(S. D. Van Veen.)

Bibliography: G. J. Vos, Groan roan Prsnaterar en sign tiyd, 2 vols., Dort, 1888-91; M. C. Stuart, in memoriam, Guillaume Groan van Prinaferer, Utrecht, 1878; J. T. Buija, in De tide. 1878, ii. 540-548; T. Wenaelburger, in Preusaische Jahrbücher, al (1877), 203-224; W. H. de Beaufort, in De (aide. 1883, iii. 92-130. The correspondence of Groan van Prirmterer and his wife are collected in the three volumes: Groan van Prinaterer, Brieven roan Thorbecke, 1830-1832, Amsterdam. 1873; Brieven van Isaac do Costa, 1830-80, ib. 187&-78; Brieven roan J. A. Wormeer, IB.¢8-8,8, 2 vols., ib. 74-78.