GOTTHARD (GODEHARD), SAINT: Bishop of Hildesheim; b. at Ritenbach in Bavaria, near the monastery of Nieder-Altaich (Altaha), c. 961; d. at Hildesheim May 5, 1038. His father was a servant of the monastery of Niedet-Altaich and he received his education in the monastery school and the court of Archbishop Frederick of Salzburg. He was received into the monastery by Abbot Erkambert in his thirty-first year, and succeeded him in 997. The emperor Henry II. summoned him

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to reform the decayed monastery of Hersfeld in Hesse, and later that of Tegernsee. In 1012 he was able to return to Altaich, but was often called upon for counsel by the emperor, who nominated him to the bishopric of Hildesheim in 1022. He maintained the condition of the (jiocese at the height at which his predecessor Bernward (q.v.) had left it, and even improved it in some regards. He consecrated more than thirty new churches during his episcopate, and partly restored the cathedral; he promoted the cause of education, and reconstructed the system of the Hildesheim school. He remained a monk at heart, and kept his clergy under strict discipline. At the request of St. Bernard, he was canonized by Innocent III. in a council at Reims, 1131; and Bernard founded in his honor a monastery at Hildesheim, to which his remains were translated from the cathedral.

(G. Uhlhorn†.)

Bibliography: The two early lives and other documents, ed. Pr. H. Peru, are in MGH, Script., a (1854), 162-218; one of these lives and other documents are in ASB, May, i. 502-530, of. Wattenbach, DGQ, ii (1894), 18-26. Consult: J. M. Kratz, Der Dom au Hildesheim, vol, iii., Hil desheim, 1840; H. A. Lüntzel, Geschichte der itdceae and Btadt Hildasheim, 2 vols., ib. 1858; F. X. Sulzbeck, Lcben des GoWard, Regensburg, 1863; L. Lennsen, Beiträge zur %ritik Hildeahtimer Gesdtichtaquellen des 11. Jahrhunderts, pp. 1-24, Tübingen, 1878; H. Bresslau, in Jahrbücher des deutschen Reicu unter Konrad 11., i. 353-360 Leipsic, 1879 (against Lennsen).

GOTTHEIL, get'hail, GUSTAV: American Jewish rabbi; b. at Pinne (30 m. n.w. of Posen), Prussia, May 28, 1827; d. in New York City Apr. 15, 1903. He was educated in his native city and at the universities of Berlin and Breslau (Ph.D., 1853). In 1855 he became the assistant of Samuel Holdheim at. the Berlin Reformgenowenschaft, where he remained until 1860. In the latter year he accepted a call to Manchester, England, as rabbi to the Congregation of British Jews (Reformed) in that city, being also teacher of German in Owens College, Manchester. In 1873 he left Manchester for New York City to be the assistant of Samuel Adler, senior rabbi of Temple Emanu-El, of which he became rabbi eighteen months later on Adler's retirement. He himself retired as rabbi emeritus in 1899. During his rabbinate he was one of the founders of a Jewish theological seminary in New York City. He likewise established the Sisterhood of Personal Service, founded the Association of Eastern Rabbis (later amalgamated with the Central Conference of American Rabbis), and was also a founder of the (American) Jewish Publication Society (of which he was elected president), and of the New York State Conference of Religions, vicepresident of the Federation of American Zionists, and chairman of the Revision Committee of the Union Prayer-Book. In honor of his seventy-fifth birthday the Gustav Gottheil Lectureship in Semitic Languages was established at Columbia University. His theological position was that of Reformed Judaism. He lectured repeatedly on Jewish subjects in Protestant Churches, and in addition to numerous lectures and contributions to periodicals, wrote Sun and Shield (New York, 1896), besides editing Hymns and Anthems (1887).

Qotteskaste~ Qottsohalk