Berthold of Regensburg

BERTHOLD OF REGENSBURG: Franciscan friar, the greatest popular preacher of the Middle Ages in Germany; b. at Regensburg probably earlier than the traditional date of 1220; d. there Dec. 14, 1272. He was a member of the Franciscan community founded at Regensburg in 1226. His novitiate was passed under the guidance of David of Augsburg; and by 1246 he is found in a position of responsibility. By 1250 at the latest, he had begun his career as an itinerant preacher, first in Bavaria, where he endeavored to bring Duke Otto II back to obedience to the Church; then he appears farther westward, at Speyer in 1254 and 1255, then passing through Alsace into Switzerland. In the following years the cantons of Aargau, Thurgau, Constance, and Grisons, with the upper Rhine country, were the principal scenes of his activity. In 1260 he went farther afield, traversing after that date Austria, Moravia, Hungary, Silesia, Thuringia, and possibly Bohemia, reaching his Slavonic audiences through an interpreter. Some of his journeys in the East were probably in the interest of the crusade, the preaching of which was specially entrusted to him by Pope Urban IV in 1263.

The German historians, from Berthold's contemporary, Abbot Hermann of Niedernaltaich, down to the middle of the sixteenth century, speak in the most glowing terms of the force of his personality and the effect of his preaching, which is said to have attracted almost incredible numbers, so that the churches could not hold them; and he was forced to speak from a platform or a tree in the open air. The gifts of prophecy and miracles were soon attributed to him, and his fame spread from Italy to England. He must have been a preacher of great talents and success. Although the manuscript reports of his sermons, which began to circulate very early, are by no means to be trusted as literal productions, we can still form from them a tolerably accurate idea of the matter and manner of his preaching. It was always of a missionary character, based formally on the Scriptures for the day, but soon departing from them to apply the special theme which Berthold wished to enforce. This generally finds its point in the insistent call to true sorrow for sin, sincere confession, and perfect penance; penance without contrition has no value in God's sight, and neither a crusade nor a pilgrimage has any good result unless there is a firm purpose to renounce sin. From this standpoint Berthold criticizes the new preachers of indulgences. The extremely mixed character of his audiences led him to make his appeal as wide and general as possible. He avoids subtle theological questions, and advises the laity not to pry into the divine mysteries, but to leave them to the clergy, and content themselves with the credo. The weighty political occurrences of the time are also left untouched. But everything that affects the average man—his joys and his sorrows, his superstitions and his prejudices—is handled with intimate knowledge and with a careful clearness of arrangement easy for the most ignorant to follow. While exhorting all to be content with their station in life, he denounces oppressive taxes, unjust judges, usury, and dishonest trade. Jews and heretics are to be abhorred, and players who draw people's minds away to worldly pleasure; dances and tournaments are also condemned, and he has a word of blame for the women's vanity and proneness to gossip. He is never dry, always vivid and graphic, mingling with his exhortations a variety of anecdotes, jests, and the wild etymologies of the Middle Ages, making extensive use of the allegorical interpretation of the Old Testament and of his strong feeling for nature.

(E. Steinmeyer.)

Bibliography: The sermons in Germen of Berthold were edited or given in abstract by C. F. Kling, Berlin, 1824, on which cf. J. Grimm in Wiener Jahrbücher der Literatur, xxxii (1825), 194–257, and the Kleinere Schriften by J. Grimm, Vienna, 1869. A complete edition of his Predigten, ed. F. Pfeiffer, appeared vol. i, Vienna, 1862 (cf. K. Schmidt in TSK, xxxvii, 1864, pp. 7–82), vol. ii, ed. J. Strobl, Vienna, 1880 (cf. A. Schönbach, in Anzeiger für deutsches Altertum, vii [1881], 337–385). On the Latin sermons consult H. Leyser, Deutsche Predigten des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts, Leipsic, 1838; G. Jacob, Die lateinischen Reden des seligen Berthold von Regensburg, Regensburg, 1880; Sermones ad religiosos viginti, ed. P. de a. Hoetzel, Munich, 1882. On his life and work consult: K. Hoffmann, Sitzungsberichte der Münchener Akademie, ii (1867), 374 sqq., ii (1868), 101; L. Rockinger, Berthold von Regensburg und Raimund von Peniafort, in Abhandlungen der Münchener Akademie, historische Classe, xiii, 3 (1877), 165 sqq.; K. Unkel, Berthold von Regensburg, Cologne, 1882. For his preaching consult: W. Wackernagel, Altdeutsche Predigten, Basel, 1876; R. Cruel, Geschichte der deutschen Predigt im Mittelalter, pp. 306–322, Detmold, 1879; A. Linsenmayer, Geschichte der Predigt in Deutschland, pp. 333–354, Munich, 1886; E. C. Dargan, A History of Preaching, New York, 1905.