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in 1831 he was ordained to the priesthood of the Roman Catholic Church, and three years later was appointed professor of philosophy and theology at Genoa, where he manifested great heroism in the care of the sick during an epidemic of cholera in 1835. In 1837 he received an appointment in the Holy Office, only to have his faith gradually but surely undermined by the books which his position compelled him to read. Nevertheless, he gained a high reputation as a pulpit orator, and from 1840 to 1847 was at the head of the parish of Santa Maddalena alla Rotonda in Rome; but the doubts already engendered were complicated by his sympathy with the movement for the unification of Italy and the overthrow of papal control, and in 1843 he was condemned to ten days' imprisonment in the monastery of San Eusebio. The accession of Pius IX. June 21, 1846, and the policy at first adopted by the new pontiff, filled De Sanctis with hope, which was speedily crushed by the encyclical of Nov. 9, 1846, exalting the cult of the Virgin. De Sanetis was now obliged to conceal his ever-increasing doubts, both family ties and official position combining to prevent him from openly breaking with his church. At this juncture he came in contact with a Scotch clergyman named Lowndes, then resident in Malta, who brought him greetings from the ex-monk Giovanni Giacinto Achilli, who was endeavoring to propagate Protestantism in Malta under British protection (see NEwMAN, JOHN HENRY). A second interview with Lowndes led De Sanctis to gain permission to visit Ancona, whence he surreptitiously sailed for Corfu, soon leaving that island for Malta. Refusing every inducement to return to Rome, he now passed two years preaching in an Italian church in Malta, but with the change of conditions in Italy he accepted an invitation to visit Tuscany, where he preached in Florence, Leghorn, and the vicinity of Lucca until ordered by the police to desist. He then returned to Malta, where, on Nov. 1, 1848, he began the publication of Il Caltollico cristiano, a sheet filled with denunciation of Roman Catholicism and defense of Protestantism. In 1849 he married, and in the same year published his La Confessione (Malta, 1849; Eng. transl. by M. H. G. Buckle, London, 1878), and in 1850 he accepted a call to Geneva to preach among the Italian political refugees, workmen, and ex-priests. He soon after made a tour of Italian Switzerland, meeting with special success in the Protestant Val Bregaglia. The growth of the Waldensian community in Turin (see ITALY, II., § 1), however, led to the call of De Sanctis to that city in 1853, and he was formally ordained to the Waldensian ministry on Aug. 31 of the same year. - But a split soon arose among the Waldensians, one faction adhering to their original principles, and the other, supported largely by funds supplied by Baptists and Plymouth Brethren, terming themselves "Free Italian Churches" (see ITALY, II., § 2) and claiming that they would quickly turn all Italy to Protestantism. It was with this radical wing that De Sanetis threw in his fortunes, and in 1855, at the Paris conference of the Evangelical Alliance, he secured recognition and financial aid for his party. He also visited London in quest

of funds and was cordially received, and after a tour of Piedmont took up his residence at Genoa, where he and his friends established a Protestant school. During this period he employed himself in writing, the chief results being his Si pub leggere la Biblia? (3d ed., Florence, 1866); La Religiaree degli avi (1861); La Messa (Turin, 1862); and Discuasione pacifim (1863). He did not, however, approve of the hostility of the "Free Church" to the Waldensians, and in 1863-64 events forced him to protest publicly against an attack on Roman Catholicism and Protestantism alike in favor of the exclusive claim of the Plymouth Brethren to true Christianity. The result was a fresh split in the "Free Church," and De Sanctis withdrew to Florence, where he was soon appointed professor of apologetic, polemic, and practical theology in the Waldensian seminary, a position which he held until his death.

SANCTUARY, RIGHT OF. See AsYLum, RIGHT OF.

SANDAY, WILLIAM: Church of England; b. at Holme Pierrepont (20 m. n.e. of Nottingham), Nottinghamshire, Aug. 1, 1843. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (B.A., 1865), and was ordered deacon in 1867 and ordained priest two years later. He was fellow of Trinity College, Oxford (1866-73); in charge of Navestock, Romford (1869-71), lecturer of St. Nicholas, Abingdon (1871-72); vicar of Great Waltham, Chelmsford (1872-73); rector of Barton-on-the-Heath, Warwickshire (1873-76); principal of Hatfield Hall, Durham (1876-83); Dean Ireland's professor of the exegesis of Holy Scripture in the University of Oxford and tutorial fellow of Exeter College, Oxford (1883-95); and since 1895 he has been Lady Margaret professor of divinity and canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He was also examining chaplain to the bishop of Durham (1879-.81), select preacher at Cambridge in 1880, 1892, and 1903, Whitehall preacher in 1889-90, and Bampton lecturer in 1893. He has been honorary fellow of Exeter College since 1898; chaplain in ordinary to the king, and a fellow of the British Academy since 1903. Besides being joint editor of the Variorum Bible (London, 1880); Old Latin Biblical Texts, ii. (in collaboration with Bishop John Wordsworth; 1886); Studia Biblica et Ecclesiostica (Oxford, 1891); Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (in collaboration with A. C. Headlam; London, 1886; 5th ed., 1909); and editing the translation of select writings of