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Saint-Manr Saints THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 174

(1724); the DiariumItalicumofMontfaucon(1702), and his Bibliotheca bibliothecarum m anuscriptorum nova (2 vols., 1739).

In the field of church history, their first noted work was the continuation and revision of the Gallia christiana' originally published by a Benedictine not connected with the Maurists, Dom de SainteMarthe, in 1656. They carried it on

Contribu- from Saints-Marthe's death in 1725 to tions to 1785, by which time thirteen volumes

Church had appeared, forming a model on History and which similar works for other coun-

Patristics. tries have since been planned. The work was taken up anew in 1856 (16 vols., Paris, 1715-1865, vols. xiv., xvi. by B. Hau rdau). The history of the martyrs was treated by Dom Ruinart in his Acta primorum martyrum (1689). Much was done in the way of editing primitive lit urgies; the best-known works in this department are M6nard's Sacramentary of St. Gregory (1642), Mabillon's De l iturgia Gallicana (1685), Mart6ne's De antiquis monachorum ritibus (2 vols., 1700 sqq.), and De antiquis ecclesice ritibus (4 vols., 1700 sqq.). In this connection may be mentioned the Acta sanc torum ordinis S. Benedicti, begun by D'Aehery and continued by Mabillon and Ruinart (9 vols., 1668 sqq.), and the Annales ordinis S. Benedicti, Mabil lon's most famous work, completed by Massuet (6 vols., 1703 sqq.). The most enduring service ren dered by the congregation was its editions of eccle siastical writers of the early Church and of the Middle Ages, which are remarkable monuments of scholarship, distinguished by enlightened criticism, careful translation from the Greek, and admirable introductions and excursuses. They originally con templated only the publication of medieval writers, principally those of their own order. The first was the Concordia regularum of Benedict of Aniane, edited by Menard (1628). But the general favor shown to these editions, the wish to put thoroughly good texts into the hands of their novices, and the wealth of manuscripts accessible to them induced them to extend the plan. Augustine was the first of the Latin Fathers to be published (11 vols., 1679 1700) ; the choice of this author in the midst of the Jansenistic controversy is significant of the attitude of the congregation toward the vexed questions of the day, which, in fact, was one of scarcely concealed sympathy with Port-Royal, if not with Jansenism in general. The first early Greek text published was the Epistle of Barnabas by D'Achery and M6nard in 1645; but no special attentioli was paid to this department until near the end of the century, when Montfaucon edited Athanasius (3 vols., 1698). The work continued until the publication of the Opera of Gregory Nazianzen, begun by Maran in 1788, was interrupted by the Revolution. Useful work was done also on the old Bible versions; included were the Hexapla of Origen, ed. Montfaucon (2 vols., 1713), the Bibliotheca divina of Jerome, ed. Martianay (vol. i. of Jerome's works, 1693), and the Latinm versiones antiquce, ed. Sabatier, Baillard, and Vincent de la Rue (3 vols., 1743-49).

Lack of space excludes detailed account of a great mass of other works, partly of an edifying nature, partly dealing with various subjects in classical

literature, Hebrew, the arts, geography, and even the natural sciences.. In controversy, to which they were not seldom exposed, the Other Maurists showed the same calm mod-

Labors. eration and intellectual superiority that mark all their work. An attack by De Ranch, the founder of the Trappists, on devo tion to mere learning among monks, called forth Mabillon's admirable Trait6 des 4tudes monastiques (1691). They were often engaged in disputes with the Jesuits, provoked especially by their edition of Augustine, and wrote not a few strong criticisms of the constitution Unigenitus. They exposed them selves to attack also by a tendency to follow the Cartesian philosophy, and some of their members even inclined in the latter half of the eighteenth century to fraternize with Voltaire and the Ency clopedists (qq.v.). The congregation was dispersed by the suppression of monastic orders at the Revo lution; the last member, Dom Brial, died in 1828. After his death some friends of Lamennais, with the approval of the bishop of Mons, bought the abbey of Solesmes near Cambrai with a view to reviving the congregation. In 1837 it was made a regular abbey of the restored Benedictine order in France, the head of which its abbot was to be. Under Dom Gu6ranger (1805-75) a new start was made in the old Maurist direction; but up to the present the early excellence has not been reached. The most distinguished of Dom Gu6ranger's associates was Jean-Baptists Pitra (q.v.), whose most noteworthy achievement is the Spicilegium Solesmense, a col lection of unpublished writings of the Fathers and ecclesiastical writers (4 vols., 1852-58, followed by 8 vols. of Analecta spicilegia Solesmen&i parata, 1876 1891, and by 2 vols. of Analecta novissima, 1885 1888). (0. ZSc$IXat.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Helyot, Ordres monastiques, vi. 286 sqq.; 13. Pea, Bibliotheca Benedicto-Mauriana, Augsburg, 1716; P. Le Cerf, Bibliothaque historique et critique des auteurs de la congr_oatiom de St. Maur, The Hague, 1726; R. P. Tassin, Hist. litt&aire de la eongr6gation de S. Maur, Brussels, 1770; Herbst, in TQS, 1833, parts 1-3, 1834, part 1; E. C. de Afalan, Hist. de Mabillon et de la eongr6gation de St. Maur, Paris, 1843; U. Robert, SuppUment h L'histoire de la conpHgation de St. Maur, Paris, 1881; C. de Lama, Bibliothhque des ticrivains de la congregation de St. Maur, Paris, 1882; A. Sieard, Les Ektudes classiqum avant la revolution, Paris, 1887; E. de Broglie, Mabillon et la soeietk de Z'abbaye de St. Germain des Pris, 2 vols., Paris, 1888; E. Gigas, Leteres des UnMictins de la congHgation de St: Maur 174,1 as., Copenhagen, 1893; J. B. Vanel, Les Nn4dictins de St.-Germain-des-Prgs et les savants 1yonnais, Paris, 1894; idem, N_orologe de religieux de . . St. Maur, ib. 1896; idem, Les B6nedictins de Saint-Maur, Paris, 1896; J. A. Endres, Korrespondenz der Mauriner mit dem Emmeramern, Stuttgart, 1899; J. M. Besse, in Revue des sciences ecclksiastiqum, ii (1902), 143 Hqq., 230 sqq., 532 aqq.; Heimbueher, Orden and Kongregationen, i. 306-313.

SAINT-SIMON, san-si"min or sAnt-sai'mun, CLAUDE HENRI, COUNT DE: French socialist; b. at Paris Oct. 17, 1760; d. there May 19, 1825. He served as ail officer in the American Revolution, and after many adventures was major and commandant at Metz at the age of twenty-three. Weary of military life, he traveled through Holland and Spain, and was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution. In 1802, after an unhappy marriage, he resumed his scientific studies, fancying