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BIBLIOGRAPHY: An account of Sailees life by himself is reprinted m his Werke (ut sup.), xxxix. 257 sqq., from F. J. Waitzenegger's Gelehrlen- and Schriftstellerleaikon. ii. 189213, Landshut, 1829. Biographies have been written by: E. von Schenk, Regensburg, 1838; F. W. Bodemann. Gotha, 1858; G. Aichinger, Freiburg, 1865; and J. A. Messmer Mannheim, 1876. Consult further: A. L6tolf, Leben and Bekenntniese des J. L. Schiffmann, Lucerne, 1860· M. Jocham, Dr. Alois Buchner, Augsburg, 1870; H. Schmid, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche Deutschlands, pp. 257-314, Munich, 1874; J. H. Reinkens, M. von Diepenbrock, Leipsic. 1881; F. Nielsen, Aus dem inneren Leben der katholischen Kirche im 18. Jahrhundert, i. 287344, Carlsruhe, 1882; J. N. von Ringseis, Erinnerunpen, 2 vols., Amberg 1886; J. Friedrich, Ignaz von Dtillinger, Munich, 1899; F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte, i. 519 sqq Berlin, 1901 · A. Briiek, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche im 19. Jahrhundert, 2 vols., Mains and Munster, 1902-03; KL, x. 1536 Hqq.; ADB, xxx. 178-192.

SAINT ALBANS: A town of Hertfordshire, twenty miles northwest of London, the seat of a bishopric, with a population of 16,109 (1901). It derives its name from Saint Alban of Verulam (q.v.), the Roman town of Verulamium. The cathedral was founded in 1077, and was restored in the nineteenth century. Names connected with the place are Matthew of Paris, Sir John Mandeville, Pope Adrian IV., and Lord Bacon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. E. Gibbs, Historical Records of St. Albans, St. Albans, 1888; C. H. Ashdown, St. Albans, Historical and Picturesque, ib. 1896; idem, The City of St. Albans, London, 1907; D. W. Barrett, Sketches of Church Life in the Diocese of St. Albans, ib. 1902; T. Perkins, The Cathedral Church of St. Albans, ib. 1903.

SAINT CYRAN. See Du VERGIER, JEAN. SAINT GALL, stint gal or san gal,

MONASTERY OF.

Origin (§ 1). Early Services to Learning (¢ 2). Increasing Secularization (¢ 3). The Reformation (§ 4). The Closing Struggle (§ 5).

The Benedictine monastery of St. Gall, celebrated for centuries as a center of learning, and situated in the Swiss town of the same name (19 m. s.e. of Constance), took its rise from a hermitage established, probably in 613, by St. Gallus, a disciple of Columban (q.v.), with a few companions. It would seem, however, even from the legend-filled life of the founder, written toward the end r. Origin. of the eighth century, that his personal activity was of only secondary importance, since he is represented as an anchorite rather than as the "apostle of the Alemanni "; and the Christian element was already so strong that he

had no lack of associates and support. It was but seldom that he could be induced to leave his cell, and before many years he died on Oct. 16, probably about 627. After this the hermitage continued to exist uneventfully until the first half of the eighth century, when the real history of the monastery of St. Gall began with the first abbot, Otmar (720759), who, in 747 or 748, substituted the rule of St. Benedict for that of St. Columban, and likewise replaced the Irish monks with his own compatriots, the Rhaetiana. Gifts of money and land were made from far and near; but, on the other hand, the independence of the monastery had to be surrendered, and it came under the control of the bishop of Conatance, Otmar's resistance exposing him to ecclesiastical censure and the secular arm, so that he died a prisoner on the little island of Werd in the Rhine (Nov. 16, 759). In 816 the monastery was made exempt from episcopal control by Louis the Pious, and in 854 its annual payment of a tax to Constants, the last remnant of its dependence upon the see, was abolished.

Abbot Gozbert, elected by the monks themselves (probably in 816), was the first of the long series of abbots of St. Gall whose interests embraced the whole intellectual culture of the period. In 830 Gozbert commenced the entire reconstruction of the monastery, beginning with a larger

Services to ently by Otmar. A plan of a great Learning. Benedictine abbey with all accessories was drawn in Italy especially for St. Gall, although the topography forbade its entire acceptance; and this plan, still preserved at St. Gall (ed. F. Kelley, Bauriss des Klosters St. Gallen vom Jahr 820, Zurich, 1844), constitutes one of the mo t important documents of the early Middle Ag~s for architecture and culture-history. Gozbert likewise provided for the increase of the library, and under his successor, Grimald (841--872), the first catalogue, listing some 400 books, was drawn up. There was likewise a flourishing school, dating back to Otmar and now consisting of a division for the training of the future regular clergy and one for the education of secular priests and laymen. Close relations were also maintained with the institutions established by Alcuin, as well as with Fulda, and especially with Reichenau. St. Gall's rich historical literature began, during the abbacy of Gozbert, with a Vita Sancti Galli by the monk Wettinus, who died in 824 (ed. MGH, Script., ii., 1829, pp. 1-21), followed by the two works, revised by Walafrid, of Gozbert's nephew, who bore the same name: Miraculi Sancti Galli and Vita Sancti Otmari abbatis Sangallensis (ed. MGH, Script., ii., 1829, pp. 21-31, 4017). In like manner Iso (d. 871) wrote a Miracldct Sancti Otmari (ed. MGH, Script., ii. 1829, pp. 4?-54); and Ratpert (d. probably shortly after 884), distinguished as a teacher, a poet (even in German), and a historian, began the great history of the monastery, the Cases Sancti Galli (ed., with its continuations, MGH, Script., ii., 1829, pp. 75-183). To the succeeding generation of monks belong Notker the Stammerer (see No'lKER, 1) and Tuotilo, as well as such abbots as Solomon III. (d. 920) and Hartmann (d. 925). The