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Russia THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 124 Ruth reading of the Bible, and conversations on religious themes. Their morality is high, and their readiness to assist one another has led to frequent experi ments in communism. Theoretically they hold that earthly rulers are only for the worldly, so that many of them refuse to pay taxes, take oaths, or perform military service, but practically they are, as a rule, loyal and peaceful subjects. Large inroads have been made in their numbers by the Baptists and Stundists. The Molokani are also held by some in vestigators to include the Subotnild (" Sabbatari ans "), who, though having no affinities with Juda ism, observe Saturday as the Sabbath, practise circumcision, and observe the dietary laws. There are many minor mystic and rationalistic Russian sects, such as the " Sighers," " Spiritual Brethren," " Nameless," etc. The most important development of Russian sectarianism, however, is that of the Stundists, who arose about 1864, pri marily in southern Russia. They seem 7. The to have originated from devotional StundistL " hours " (Germ. Stunden) held in the German colony of Rohrbach and visited by Russians. Under Baptist influence Stundism assumed a position of hostility toward the ritual, sacraments, and icons of the Orthodox Church, and at the same time incurred the suspicions of the gov ernment for supposed German tendencies. Stund ism seems no longer connected with the Baptist denomination, but it has developed the sub-sect of Malovantzi (named from its founder, the peasant Kondrat Malovani, who is supposed to be the Mes siah), who resemble the Khlysty. The number of Russian sectaries is too vague to be stated even approximately, the figures assigned ranging from 3,000,000 to 15,000,006. (N. BONwETscm) BIHLIOanAPBY: For the background in the history of the people, country, literature, and civilisation consult: W. K. Kelly, Hint. of Russia, London, 1854; A. von Haathausen, The Russian Empire: its People, Institutions, and Re sources, 2 vols., London, 1856; A. Rambaud, Hid. of Russia, 3 vols., London, 1887; H. H. Howorth, Hiet. of the Mongols, 3 vols., London, 1888; D. M. Wallace, Rus sia, new ad., London, 1905; A. Brtiekner, Gewhichle Ruas lands bra zur Endo des 18. Jahrhunderta. Gotha, 1896; S. Wolkonaky, Pictures of Russian History and Russian Litera ture, Boston, 189?; A. Leroy-Beaulieu, L'Empire den tzars et lea rusaea, 4th ed., 3 vols., Paris, 1897-98; P. Milukow, Skizzen ruasiwher Kulturgeachichte, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1898-1901; K. Walissewaki, Hiat. of Russian Literature, New York, 1900; W. K. Morfeu, Hint. or Rus sia from Peter the Great to Alexander 11., New York, 1901; F. H. E. Palmer. Russian Life in Town and Country, New York, 1903; R. U. Bain, The First Romanova (1813- 1725): Hint. of the Muscovite Civilization, New York, 1905; A. Ular, Russia from Within, New York, 1905; Jeremiah Curtin, The Mongols in Russia, Boston, 1908; A. Bruckner Rusalanda peistliche Entwicklunp im Spiegel aeiner achtinen Literatur. Tubingen, 1908; T. H. Pau tenius, Gewhichte Ruaslanda von der Ent"unp den ruasi when Reichea bra our Gepenwart, Leipeie. 1908; D'Abnour, Hist. abrlphe des peuples de la Ruaae. Paris 1910. For the history of the church nearly all the literature under Eastern Church is pertinent, and the most important entries are cited there in classified form. The literature under Nikon, Photius, and Platon is also to be consulted. P. St-hl, Beitrdpe zur ruasisehm Kirchemeachichte, Halle, 1827: idem, Geschichte do, ruaaischen Kirche, vol. i., ib. 1830; A. N. Mouravieff Hid. of the Church of Russia, London, 1842; H. Lutteroth Russia and the Jesuits, from 1778 to 1820, ib. 1858; H. Dalton. Gewhidde der relormier ten Kirche in Rusaland, Goths, 1865: idem, Beitrape our Geschicke der arxinpdiwAsn Kirche in Ruaalasd. 4 vols
ib. 1887-1905; idem, Die rusaiwhe Kirche, Leipsio, 1892; Gayarin, Russian Clergy, London, 1872; Philaret, Gewhichte der Kirche Russlanda, 2 vols., Frankfort, 1872; The Patriarch and the Tsar, from the Russian by William Palmer, 3 vols., London, 1871-73; M. KSstomorov, Rueaische Gewhichte in Biopraphien, Leipaie, 1889; F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchenpewhichte, ii. 247 sqq., Berlin, 1901; F. Kattenbusch, in W. D. Grant, Christendom anno Domini 1801, i. 388 sqq., New York, 1902; L. K. GbtB, Dan Kiewer Hohlenkloster ala Kultursentrum den vormonpoliscAen Ruaaland, Passau, 1904; idem, Kirchenrechtliche and Kulturgeschichtliahe Denkmnler Altrua8lands, Stuttgart, 1905; idem, Staat and Kirche in Altrusaland. Kievar Periode 988 bra It40, Berlin, 1908; A. Malvy, La ROorme de Upliae russe, Paris, 1906; Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic (GrecoRuseian) Church, compared, translated and arranged for the Old Church-Slavonic Service Books of the Russian Church and collated with the Service Books of the Greek Church, by Isabel F. Hapgood, Boston, 1908; J. Wilbois, L'Avenir de 1'hpliae ruses, Paris, 1907; A. Palmieri, La Chieaa Ruesa. Le sue odierne eondizioni a il suo riformiamo dottrinale, Florence, 1908. Treatises in Russian on the church history of Russia are by Makarij, 12 vols., St. Petersburg, 1888-83, E. Golubinaky, 2 vols. in 3, Moscow, 1900-02.
For the history of Russian dissent and the sects consult: K. K. Grass, Die ruasiwhen Sekten, Leipsie, 1905-09; E. Pelikan, Gewhichtlich-madizinische Untersuchunyen fiber daa Skopzentum in Rusaland, Giessen, 1876; T. Pech, Die Molokanen, in Historisehea Tawhenbuch, 5 ser., viii. 203 aqq., Leipeie, 1878; N. von Gerber-Embach, Russiaahe Sektierer, in Zeitfraeen der Chridlichen Volkslebena, vol. viii., part 4, Heilbronn, 1883; A. F. Heard, The Russian Church and Russian Dissent; comprising Orthodoxy, Dissent, and Erratic Sects, London, 1887; N. Taakni, La Russia aedaire, Paris, 1888; V. Frank, Rumieche Selbatzeupnisee. Russianhea Christentum, Paderborn, 1889; A. Ronchdestwenakij, Der eadruasiwAs Stundiamua, St. Petersburg, 1889; D. Dan, Die Lippowaner in der Bu, kowina, Czernowits, 1890; F. Kattenbusch, Lehrbuch der verpleiehendan Konfeasionakunde. i. 234 aqq., 542 aqq.. Freiburg, 1892; F. Knie, Die rusriach-whiamatische Kirche, Gras, 1894; H. Dalton, ut sup., pp. 57 aqq.; idem, Der Stundiamua in Ruaeland, GOteraloh, 1896; Heaba Stratton, Highway of Sorrow at the Close of the 18th Century, London, 1897; P. Birukoff, J. Treguboff, and W. Techertkoff, Christenroerfolpunp in Rusaland, Munich, 1898; J. Gehring, Die Sdkten der ruaaiachen Kirehe, Leipeie, 1898; F. Loofs, Symbolik, i. 169 sqq., Trlbingen, 1902; S. Mar garitow. Geschiehte der russiachen rationalistiachen and mys<iuhen Sektm, Kjehinew, 1902; K. K. Gras, Die peheime heilipe Schrift der SkopzeN Leipsie, 1904; J. B. S5vdrae, La Sects ruaae den hommea de Dieu, Paris, 1906; P. Strahl, BeWdpe, ut sup., i. 250 aqq.; and literature under DOSHOH088.
RUST, GEORGE: English theologian, usually reckoned among the Cambridge Platonists (q.v.); b. at Cambridge; d. at Dromore (15 m. s.w. of Belfast), Ireland, Dec., 1670. He was educated at St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge (B.A., 1647; M.A., 1650), and was elected fellow of Christ College in 1649. He resigned his. fellowship in 1659, and soon after the Restoration was invited by Jeremy Taylor to Ireland, was ordained deacon and priest May 7, 1661, becoming dean of Connor in August, and in 1664 was rector of Lisburn. In 1667 he succeeded Taylor as bishop of Dromore, which was now again separated from Down and Connor, and died three years later. He was the intimate friend of Henry More and Joseph Glanvill (qq.v.), and wrote two works whose subjects and spirit connect him with their school: Discourse of Truth (London, 1677; ed. Glanvill); and a Discourse of the Use of Reason in Matters of Religion (ed. H. Hallywell, 1683). The former, by which he is chiefly known, shows an enlightened mind, but no largeness of grasp, while its line of thought is a weaker echo of Cudworth.