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but when, in 1738, some of them were willing, for political reasons, to include intercession for the czar and his family in their prayers, the majority proved recalcitrant, and the two sub-sects (both named from their founders) of " Philipists " and " Feodosians " were consequently formed, rd-using to have any fellowship with their former comrades. The most difficult problem for the Bezpopovahchina was that of marriage. Their quasi-monastic ideals proving impracticable, some renounced religious marriage, others rejected its indissolubility, and others still would not tolerate marriage at all, so that their level of morality proved inferior to that of the orthodox. The abolition of marriage could not be carried out; the novoshennye (" newly wedded ") were married by priests of the State Church and then did penance. From the Filipovtzi, toward the end of the eighteenth century, arose the " Pilgrims " (Stranniki) or " Fugitives " (Bye guny), who, in supposed conformity with Matt. x. 37-38, forsook their homes and families, rejected legal marriage and the certificate of naturalization with the seal of " Antichrist," and ate no food from the vessels of strangers. A sub-sect of the " Pilgrims " intentionally postponed their vow of wandering until toward the end of their lives, but occupied a less honored position. From the loss of a hierarchy others of the " priestless " Russian sectaries inferred that the sacraments and public worship were altogether abrogated, as by several divisions of the Netovtzi ("Deniers"). The" NonPrayers " respected only the prayer of the heart, and even regarded all prayer as an affront to the divine omniscience, and explained all Christian doctrine as allegorical; the Molchalniki (" Silent ") refused to speak, even under torture; others used raisins instead of wine in the Eucharist; and the tanets of others are still unknown.

Besides these sects there are a number of others which did not originate from the schism of 1667, which is called the raskol (" schism ") par excellence, whence its adherents are known as Raskolniks (" Schismatics "). Among them mention should first be made of certain mystics who are not sepa-

rated externally from the Orthodox

;. The Church, but frequently seem to be her IChlysty. most zealous members. These are the

" People of God," or Yhlysty (" Flagellants "), probably a corruption of Khristy (" Christs ") . According to their account, God descended in 1645 on Mount Gorodin in the government of Vladimir, and took up his abode in the peasant Daniel Philippov, who chose as his son, " Christ," the peasant Ivan Suslov, who in turn chose a "Mother of God" and twelve apostles. Suslov is said to have been twice crucified, to have risen and been manifested to his followers, and to have lived until 1716. Since that time the Khlysty have had many " Christs " (including Peter III.; see § 5). Each member of the sect is expected to endeavor to become a " Christ " or a " Mother of God " by mortification of the flesh and prayer. The " ships" in which the Khlysty gather are directed by a prophet or angel, aided by a prophetess, and the commands of these prophets are the law of their adherents. The twelve commands of Philippov are

also still in force, including abstinence from intoxicating liquors and all carnal indulgence. They hold that the essential baptism is that of the Spirit, and they celebrate the Eucharist with the triturated Easter prospher and the water blessed at the feast of the Epiphany. Dancing and singing form the principal parts of their religious exercises, the men in the center and the women on the outside circling round with frantic gestures (supposed to imitate the flying of the angels) until exhausted and even unconscious (cf. EcsTesr); while the incoherent phrases which they utter are taken to be prophecies. The secrecy attaching to the Khlysty enhances their prestige, but much of the scandal popularly ascribed to them seems apocryphal. The exact relation of the Skakuny (" Jumpers ") to the Khlysty is problematical.

An offshoot of the Khlysty is formed by the Skoptzi (" Self-Castrators "). They were founded by a certain Selivanov (whose real name is unknown), who, about 1770, declared himself to be Peter III. and a son of God. Banished to Siberia, he was permitted to return by Paul I.,

Opposition to the ceremonial of the Orthodox Church is embodied in the Molokanf (" Milk Drinkers ") and Dukhobors (q.v.), who reject the sacraments and are officially designated as rationalistic sects. Scorning ceremonial, a special priesthood, and the veneration of icons, they maintain that the only worship of God is in spirit and that the heart of man is the sole true temple of God. Instead of baptism by water they demand the