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We must now consider the object of contrition. Under this head there are
six points of inquiry:
(1) Whether a man should be contrite on account of his punishment?
(2) Whether, on account of original sin?
(3) Whether, for every actual sin he has committed?
(4) Whether, for actual sins he will commit?
(5) Whether, for the sins of others?
(6) Whether, for each single mortal sin?
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Objection 1: It would seem that man should be contrite on account of the
punishment, and not only on account of his sin. For Augustine says in De
Poenitentia [*Cf. Hom. 50 inter 1]: "No man desires life everlasting
unless he repent of this mortal life." But the morality of this life is a
punishment. Therefore the penitent should be contrite on account of his
punishments also.
Objection 2: Further, the Master says (Sent. iv, D, 16, cap. i), quoting
Augustine (De vera et falsa Poenitentia [*Work of an unknown author]),
that the penitent should be sorry for having deprived himself of virtue.
But privation of virtue is a punishment. Therefore contrition is sorrow
for punishments also.
On the contrary, No one holds to that for which he is sorry. But a
penitent, by the very signification of the word, is one who holds to his
punishment [*"Poenitens," i.e. "poenam tenens"]. Therefore he is not
sorry on account of his punishment, so that contrition which is
penitential sorrow is not on account of punishment.
I answer that, As stated above (Question [1], Article [1]), contrition implies the
crushing of something hard and whole. Now this wholeness and hardness is
found in the evil of fault, since the will, which is the cause thereof in
the evil-doer, sticks to its own ground*, and refuses to yield to the
precept of the law, wherefore displeasure at a suchlike evil is called
metaphorically "contrition." [*There is a play on the words
here---'integer' (whole) and 'in suis terminis' (to its own ground)]. But
this metaphor cannot be applied to evil of punishment, because
punishment simply denotes a lessening, so that it is possible to have
sorrow for punishment but not contrition.
Reply to Objection 1: According to St. Augustine, penance should be on account of
this mortal life, not by reason of its mortality (unless penance be taken
broadly for every kind of sorrow); but by reason of sins, to which we are
prone on account of the weakness of this life.
Reply to Objection 2: Sorrow for the loss of virtue through sin is not
essentially the same as contrition, but is its principle. For just as we
are moved to desire a thing on account of the good we expect to derive
from it, so are we moved to be sorry for something on account of the evil
accruing to us therefrom.
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Objection 1: It would seem that contrition should be on account of original
sin. For we ought to be contrite on account of actual sin; not by reason
of the act, considered as a kind of being, but by reason of its
deformity, since the act, regarded in its substance, is a good, and is
from God. Now original sin has a deformity, even as actual sin has.
Therefore we should be contrite on its account also.
Objection 2: Further, by original sin man has been turned away from God, since
in punishment thereof he was to be deprived of seeing God. But every man
should be displeased at having been turned away from God. Therefore man
should be displeased at original sin; and so he ought to have contrition
for it.
On the contrary, The medicine should be proportionate to the disease.
Now we contracted original sin without willing to do so. Therefore it is
not necessary that we should be cleansed from it by an act of the will,
such as contrition is.
I answer that, Contrition is sorrow, as stated above (Question [1], Articles [1],2),
respecting and, so to speak, crushing the hardness of the will.
Consequently it can regard those sins only which result in us through the
hardness of our will. And as original sin was not brought upon us by our
own will, but contracted from the origin of our infected nature, it
follows that, properly speaking, we cannot have contrition on its
account, but only displeasure or sorrow.
Reply to Objection 1: Contrition is for sin, not by reason of the mere substance of the act, because it does not derive the character of evil therefrom; nor again, by reason of its deformity alone, because deformity, of itself, does not include the notion of guilt, and sometimes denotes a punishment. But contrition ought to be on account of sin, as implying deformity resulting from an act of the will; and this does not apply to original sin, so that contrition does not apply to it.
The same Reply avails for the Second Objection, because contrition is
due to aversion of the will.
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Objection 1: It would seem that we have no need to have contrition for every
actual sin we have committed. For contraries are healed by their
contraries. Now some sins are committed through sorrow, e.g. sloth and
envy. Therefore their remedy should not be sorrow, such as contrition is,
but joy.
Objection 2: Further, contrition is an act of the will, which cannot refer to
that which is not known. But there are sins of which we have no
knowledge, such as those we have forgotten. Therefore we cannot have
contrition for them.
Objection 3: Further, by voluntary contrition those sins are blotted out which
we committed voluntarily. But ignorance takes away voluntariness, as the
Philosopher declares (Ethic. iii, 1). Therefore contrition need not cover
things which have occurred through ignorance.
Objection 4: Further, we need not be contrite for a sin which is not removed
by contrition. Now some sins are not removed by contrition, e.g. venial
sins, that remain after the grace of contrition. Therefore there is no
need to have contrition for all one's past sins.
On the contrary, Penance is a remedy for all actual sins. But penance
cannot regard some sins, without contrition regarding them also, for it
is the first part of Penance. Therefore contrition should be for all
one's past sins.
Further, no sin is forgiven a man unless he be justified. But
justification requires contrition, as stated above (Question [1], Article [1]; FS,
Question [113]). Therefore it is necessary to have contrition for all one's sins.
I answer that, Every actual sin is caused by our will not yielding to
God's law, either by transgressing it, or by omitting it, or by acting
beside it: and since a hard thing is one that is disposed not to give way
easily, hence it is that a certain hardness of the will is to be found in
every actual sin. Wherefore, if a sin is to be remedied, it needs to be
taken away by contrition which crushes it.
Reply to Objection 1: As clearly shown above (Article [2], ad 1), contrition is opposed
to sin, in so far as it proceeds from the choice of the will that had
failed to obey the command of God's law, and not as regards the material
part of sin: and it is on this that the choice of the will falls. Now the
will's choice falls not only on the acts of the other powers, which the
will uses for its own end, but also on the will's own proper act: for
the will wills to will something. Accordingly the will's choice falls on
that pain or sadness which is to be found in the sin of envy and the
like, whether such pain be in the senses or in the will itself.
Consequently the sorrow of contrition is opposed to those sins.
Reply to Objection 2: One may forget a thing in two ways, either so that it
escapes the memory altogether, and then one cannot search for it; or so
that it escapes from the memory in part, and in part remains, as when I
remember having heard something in general, but know not what it was in
particular, and then I search my memory in order to discover it.
Accordingly a sin also may be forgotten in two ways, either so as to
remain in a general, but not in a particular remembrance, and then a man
is bound to bethink himself in order to discover the sin, because he is
bound to have contrition for each individual mortal sin. And if he is
unable to discover it, after applying himself with due care, it is enough
that he be contrite for it, according as it stands in his knowledge, and
indeed he should grieve not only for the sin, but also for having
forgotten it, because this is owing to his neglect. If, however, the sin
has escaped from his memory altogether, then he is excused from his duty
through being unable to fulfill it, and it is enough that he be contrite
in general for everything wherein he has offended God. But when this
inability is removed, as when the sin is recalled to his memory, then he
is bound to have contrition for that sin in particular, even as a poor
man, who cannot pay a debt, is excused, and yet is bound to, as soon as
he can.
Reply to Objection 3: If ignorance were to remove altogether the will to do evil,
it will excuse, and there would be no sin: and sometimes it does not
remove the will altogether, and then it does not altogether excuse, but
only to a certain extent: wherefore a man is bound to be contrite for a
sin committed through ignorance.
Reply to Objection 4: A venial sin can remain after contrition for a mortal sin,
but not after contrition for the venial sin: wherefore contrition should
also cover venial sins even as penance does, as stated above (Sent. iv,
D, 16, Question [2], Article [2], qu. 2; XP, Question [87], Article [1]).
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Objection 1: It would seem that a man is bound to have contrition for his
future sins also. For contrition is an act of the free-will: and the
free-will extends to the future rather than to the past, since choice,
which is an act of the free-will, is about future contingents, as stated
in Ethic. iii. Therefore contrition is about future sins rather than
about past sins.
Objection 2: Further, sin is aggravated by the result that ensues from it:
wherefore Jerome says [*St. Basil asserts this implicitly in De Vera
Virgin.] that the punishment of Arius is not yet ended, for it is yet
possible for some to be ruined through his heresy, by reason of whose
ruin his punishment would be increased: and the same applies to a man who
is judged guilty of murder, if he has committed a murderous assault, even
before his victim dies. Now the sinner ought to be contrite during that
intervening time. Therefore the degree of his contrition ought to be
proportionate not only to his past act, but also to its eventual result:
and consequently contrition regards the future.
On the contrary, Contrition is a part of penance. But penance always
regards the past: and therefore contrition does also, and consequently is
not for a future sin.
I answer that, In every series of things moving and moved ordained to
one another, we find that the inferior mover has its proper movement, and
besides this, it follows, in some respect, the movement of the superior
mover: this is seen in the movement of the planets, which, in addition to
their proper movements, follow the movement of the first heaven. Now, in
all the moral virtues, the first mover is prudence, which is called the
charioteer of the virtues. Consequently each moral virtue, in addition to
its proper movement, has something of the movement of prudence: and
therefore, since penance is a moral virtue, as it is a part of justice,
in addition to its own act, it acquires the movement of prudence. Now its
proper movement is towards its proper object, which is a sin committed.
Wherefore its proper and principal act, viz. contrition, essentially
regards past sins alone; but, inasmuch as it acquires something of the
act of prudence, it regards future sins indirectly, although it is not
essentially moved towards those future sins. For this reason, he that is
contrite, is sorry for his past sins, and is cautious of future sins. Yet
we do not speak of contrition for future sins, but of caution, which is a
part of prudence conjoined to penance.
Reply to Objection 1: The free-will is said to regard future contingents, in so
far as it is concerned with acts, but not with the object of acts:
because, of his own free-will, a man can think about past and necessary
things, and yet the very act of thinking, in so far as it is subject to
the free-will, is a future contingent. Hence the act the contrition also
is a future contingent, in so far as it is subject to the free-will; and
yet its object can be something past.
Reply to Objection 2: The consequent result which aggravates a sin was already
present in the act as in its cause; wherefore when the sin was committed,
its degree of gravity was already complete, and no further guilt accrued
to it when the result took place. Nevertheless some accidental punishment
accrues to it, in the respect of which the damned will have the more
motives of regret for the more evils that have resulted from their sins.
It is in this sense that Jerome [*Basil] speaks. Hence there is not need
for contrition to be for other than past sins.
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Objection 1: It would seem that a man ought to have contrition for another's
sin. For one should not ask forgiveness for a sin unless one is contrite
for it. Now forgiveness is asked for another's sin in Ps. 18:13: "From
those of others spare thy servant." Therefore a man ought to be contrite
for another's sins.
Objection 2: Further, man is bound, ought of charity, to love his neighbor as
himself. Now, through love of himself, he both grieves for his ills, and
desires good things. Therefore, since we are bound to desire the goods of
grace for our neighbor, as for ourselves, it seems that we ought to
grieve for his sins, even as for our own. But contrition is nothing else
than sorrow for sins. Therefore man should be contrite for the sins of
others.
On the contrary, Contrition is an act of the virtue of penance. But no
one repents save for what he has done himself. Therefore no one is
contrite for others' sins.
I answer that, The same thing is crushed [conteritur] which hitherto was
hard and whole. Hence contrition for sin must needs be in the same
subject in which the hardness of sin was hitherto: so that there is no
contrition for the sins of others.
Reply to Objection 1: The prophet prays to be spared from the sins of others, in
so far as, through fellowship with sinners, a man contracts a stain by
consenting to their sins: thus it is written (Ps. 17:27): "With the
perverse thou wilt be perverted."
Reply to Objection 2: We ought to grieve for the sins of others, but not to have
contrition for them, because not all sorrow for past sins is contrition,
as is evident for what has been said already.
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Objection 1: It would seem that it is not necessary to have contrition for
each mortal sin. For the movement of contrition in justification is
instantaneous: whereas a man cannot think of every mortal sin in an
instant. Therefore it is not necessary to have contrition for each mortal
sin.
Objection 2: Further, contrition should be for sins, inasmuch as they turn us
away from God, because we need not be contrite for turning to creatures
without turning away from God. Now all mortal sins agree in turning us
away from God. Therefore one contrition for all is sufficient.
Objection 3: Further, mortal sins have more in common with one another, than
actual and original sin. Now one Baptism blots out all sins both actual
and original. Therefore one general contrition blots out all mortal sins.
On the contrary, For diverse diseases there are diverse remedies, since
"what heals the eye will not heal the foot," as Jerome says (Super Marc.
ix, 28). But contrition is the special remedy for one mortal sin.
Therefore one general contrition for all mortal sins does not suffice.
Further, contrition is expressed by confession. But it is necessary to
confess each mortal sin. Therefore it is necessary to have contrition for
each mortal sin.
I answer that, Contrition may be considered in two ways, as to its
origin, and as to its term. By origin of contrition I mean the process of
thought, when a man thinks of his sin and is sorry for it, albeit not
with the sorrow of contrition, yet with that of attrition. The term of
contrition is when that sorrow is already quickened by grace.
Accordingly, as regards the origin of contrition, a man needs to be
contrite for each sin that he calls to mind; but as regards its term, it
suffices for him to have one general contrition for all, because then the
movement of his contrition acts in virtue of all his preceding
dispositions.
This suffices for the Reply to the First Objection.
Reply to Objection 2: Although all mortal sins agree in turning man away from
God, yet they differ in the cause and mode of aversion, and in the degree
of separation from God; and this regards the different ways in which they
turn us to creatures.
Reply to Objection 3: Baptism acts in virtue of Christ's merit, Who had infinite
power for the blotting out of all sins; and so for all sins one Baptism
suffices. But in contrition, in addition to the merit of Christ, an act
of ours is requisite, which must, therefore, correspond to each sin,
since it has not infinite power for contrition.
It may also be replied that Baptism is a spiritual generation; whereas
Penance, as regards contrition and its other parts, is a kind of
spiritual healing by way of some alteration. Now it is evident in the
generation of a body, accompanied by corruption of another body, that all
the accidents contrary to the thing generated, and which were the
accidents of the thing corrupted, are removed by the one generation:
whereas in alteration, only that accident is removed which was contrary
to the accident which is the term of the alteration. In like manner, one
Baptism blots out all sins together and introduces a new life; whereas
Penance does not blot out each sin, unless it be directed to each. For
this reason it is necessary to be contrite for, and to confess each sin.