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rigs RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Thorold Thuringia bishop's influence; though he attained this end by completely casting into the shade, or virtually re pudiating, the fifth general council, of which the Went had taken but little notice. The patriarchate of Aquileia, which as a result of the Lombard con quest had been transferred to Grado, resumed com munion with Rome, under Greek rule, soon after the death of Gregory in 604; but the Roman Catho lic bishops under the Lombard kings and the duke of Friali set up an opposition patriarchate, which remained separated from Rome till voward the end of the seventh century. G. KRiraER. BInLIOaICAPHY: The sources are easily accessible.in MPL, lavii. 521-$78, 921-928, 1187-1254, laviii. 958-980, 1049 1096; MPG, lsaxiv. 455-548. Consult: H. Noris, Opera, ed. Ballerini, i. 550-820. cf. iv. 985-1050, Verona, 1729 (highly necessary); J. G. Walch, Historic der Xetzereien, viii. 4-488, Leipsic, 1778; J. M. Schroeckh, Chrfatliche Hirchengeachichte, aviii. 570-X08, Leipsie, 1793; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 788-772; J. Schwane, Dogmenge achichte der Patristiachen Zeit, pp. 374-378, Freiburg, 1895; A. Knecht, Die Rdigionspolitik Kaiser Justiuiana L, pp. 125-140, wOrzburg, 1898; H. Hutton, The Church of the 8th Century, pp. 182-179, London, 1897; F. Diekamp, Die origenistiachea Streitigkedten im B. Jahrhundert, Monster, 1899; A. de Meissas, in Annales de philosophic chr&ierene, July, 1904; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iii. 1 sqq., Bug. tranal, iv. 258 aqq., Fr. tranal., iii. 1, pp. 1 sqq. (valuable for the discussion of literature and notes); Harnack, Dogma, iv. 245 eqq., 348-349, #. 283; Mann, Pops, vol. i. Prim. THREE CHILDREN, SONG OF THE. See Aroc &rran, A, IV., 3. THUEMMEL, tiim'mel, WILHELM: Evan gelical theologian; b. at Barmen (27 m, n.n.e. of Cologne) May 6, 1856. He receivefl his education at the universities of Bonn and Leipsic; became as sistant preacher at Geldern, and later at Lohne then near Soest; returned as pastor at Geldern in 1881, went in the same capacity to Remscheid, where, be cause of a harsh criticism of the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, he was subjected to a three-weeks' term of imprisonment, on the ter mination of which he wrote the sharply worded tract in self-justification: Rheinische Richter and r8mische Priester. tine trostreiche Belehrung fiber die r6mische Messe (Barmen, 1888) ; he later brought himself under police jurisdiction through a lecture on the pilgrimage to Aachen, and once again because of his Antwart an der papstlichen Priesterscheft in Breslau (1894); he became privet-docent in church history at Berlin, 1900; extraordinary professor in 1901; and professor of practical theology at Jena in 1903, where he is also director of the homiletical and catechetical seminary. Besides the works al ready mentioned, he has issued: O,$'ener Brief an tlem Herrn Erzbischof Krementz von Coln (1889); Die Asehe Clarenbach's, des Martyrers der bergischen Kirche (Berlin, 1890); Zur Beurtheilung des Dona tismus (Halls, 1893); Der Versagung der kirchlichen Bestattungsfeier, ihre geschichtliche Entwickelung and gegenwdrtige Bedeutttng (Leipsie, 1902); and Der Religitmssc3cutz durch das Strafrecht (1906); besides a considerable number of polemic tracts .directed against the Roman Catholic Church or its doctrines. THUMB BIBLE. See BIBLE VERSIONS, B, IV., § 9. THUNDERING LEGION: Name of a Roman legion about which a celebrated legend arose. The story is that the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, when

conducting a campaign against the Quadi in Hungary about 174 A.D., was surprised with his forces by a superior number of the enemy. At the same time his army was suffering so greatly from the lack of water that annihilation, seemed imminent. The emperor prayed to the gods for rain, but no response was forthcoming. A legion, consisting wholly, of Christians, was summoned to the emperor's aid, the soldiers of which prostrated themselves in prayer, and the response was a cold rain upon the Romans, which took the form of severe hail as it reached the Quadi, whom it discomfited. In consequence of this, the legion received the name " Legio fulminatrix."

The story has received the attention of many writers of church history, and its difficulties have been summarized as follows: A legion with this name was known before the time of Marcus Aurelius (Dio Cassias, Iv. 23), though the exact form of the name was Legio fulminate; the proper station of this legion was in the East, not in Hungary. It is seen, however, that these data are not decisive against the story, since the legion might have been present owing to the emergency, such transfers not being.unknown, and the alight change in the form of the name is not decisive. The principal incident is shown not to be improbable by the sculptures on the Antonine column at Rome, erected not long after, showing Jupiter Fluvius, from whose beard streams of water are caught in the soldiers' shields, while the enemy are overwhelmed by lightning. The least probable element in the story is that a whole legion was composed of Christians. In favor of a substantial basis of the legend is that it is first mentioned by Claudius Agollinaris (q.v.), who addressed his apology to Marcus Aurelius, while a contemporary of the assumed event who mentions it was Tertullian (Apol., v.; Ad Scapulam, iv.). It is only miraculous through the interpretation, the event is not at all improbable.

Bxsraoanerxcr: Besides the reference to Textullian in the teat (Eng. transl. in ANF, iii. 22, 107), and Dio Cassias, laai. 8-9, consult: Eusebius, Hist. sell., V., V., in NPNF, 2 ser., i. 219-220; w. Moyle, De miraeulo quod Legio Fulmiuatrix Jecisse dicitur, in Mosheim, Dissertatio, Gbrlitz, 1733; w. Whiston, Of the Thundering Legion. London, 1726; T. woolston, A Defence of the Miracle of the Thundering Legion against . . . W. Moyle, ib. 1726; T. Hearne, An Apology for the Writings of W. Moyle, ib. 1727 (against whiston and woolaton); B. Aube, Hilt. des perseeuiions de l'Eglise, i., chap. viii., Paris, 1875; J. B. Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, IL, i. 489-476, London, 1885; Schaff, Christian Church, ii. 56; Neander, Christian Church, i. 115-. 117; DNB, iv. 1023-24.

THURIBLE. See CENSER. THURIFICATI. See LAPSED. THURINGIA: A collective name applied to group of small duchies and principalities situated between Prussian Saxony on the north and Ba varia on the south, and between the General kingdom of Saxony on the east and Statistics. Hesse-Nassau on the west. The duchies are Saxe-Weimar,. Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; the prin cipalities are Reuss-Schleiz, Reuss-Greiz, Schwarz burg-Rudolstadt, and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. The combined area is 4,744 square miles, and the population (1905) 1,503,125. Of these 1,455,949