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427 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Thomas Aquinas Thomas of Celano

but on the other hand it had added to the number of problems and expanded the learned apparatus enormously, thereby impairing the 8. Estima- unity and clarity of the progress of

tioa. thought. I t was Thomas who made a single connected and consistent whole of all this unwieldy mass of stuff. Next his decided Aristotelianism, not without an admixture of Neoplatonic elements, must be noted. He owed not only his philosophical thoughts and world conception to Aristotle, but he also took from him the frame for his theological system; Aristotle's metaphysics and ethics furnished the trend of his system. Herein he gained the purely rational framework for his massive temple of thought, namely of God, the rational cause of the world, and man's striving after him. Then he filled this in with the dogmas of the Church or of revelation. And at all points he succeeded in upholding the church doctrine as credible and reasonable. This is the final characteristic of Thomas to be noted, his blameless orthodoxy. For opposition to Thomas and the reaction in the fifteenth century, see Scao LnsTICIShI, IIL, 2, § 2. This position as the teacher of the church has grown ever stronger from Leo X. to Leo XIIL; and even to-day the Roman Catholic Church preserves the inheritance of the ancient world-conception and the old church dogmas in the form which Thomas Aquinas gave them. For the relation of theology to philosophy and the sphere of the former and its sources, see SCHOLAS TICISM. (R. SEEBERG.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Editions of the Opera may be noted as follows: 17 vole., Rome. 1570-71; 17 vole., Venice, 15931594; 19 vole., Antwerp, 1612; 23 vole., Paris, 1636-41; 20 vole., Venice, 1775-78; 25 vole., Parma, 1852-72; 34 vole., Paris, 1871-80; and the new ed. begun under the auspices of Leo XIIL, Rome, 1882 sqq. For a compact statement of the principal editions of single works consult Baldwin, Dictionary, iii. 1, pp. 513-514. Eng. translations to be mentioned are: Doctrines of . . . Aquinas on the Rulers and Members of Christian States, London, 1860; Memoranda of Angelical Doctrine; from Lady Day to the Ascension, ib. 1867; Homilies of St. Thomas . . . upon the Epistles and Gospels, ib. 1867, 1873; St. Thomas Aquinas on the Two Commandments of Charity and the Ten Commandments of the Law, ib. 1880; his commentary on the Lord's Prayer, ib. 1880 and 1893; The Maxims of St. Thomas Aquinas and the Prayers, ib. 1890; The Venerable Sacrament of the Altar, ib. 1871, 1890. 1893; Aquinas Ethicus; or, the moral Teaching of St. Thomas. A Transl. of the principal Portion of the second Part of the Summa Theologia with Notes by J. Rickaby, vole. i.-ii., ib. 1898; The Religious State, the Episcopate and the Priestly Office, ib. 1902; An Apology jot the Religious Orders by St. Thomas Aquinas, ib. 1902; New Things and Old in St. Thomas Aquinas. A Translation of various Writings and Treatises of the Angelic Doctor, ib. 1909.

For the earliest accounts of the life of the saint (e.g, that by Bernard Guido), miracles, etc., consult the collection in ASB, March, i. 657-747, and cf. Histoire litteraire de la France, xix. 238-266. Biographies are by A. Pietro, Venice, 1543; P. Frigerio, Rome. 1668; A. Touron, Paris. 1757; E. J. de Lecluze, Gregoire VII., Saint Franvois d'Assise et Saint Thomas d'Aquin, 2 vole., Paris, 1844; M. Cane. Paris. 1846; H. Hortel, Augsburg, 1846; E. D. Hampden, London, 1848; D. Mettenleiter, Regensburg, 1858; K. Werner, Regensburg, 1858; J. F. Bareille, Paris, 1859; R. B. Vaughan, 2 vole., Hereford, 1871-72; F. J. V. de Groot, Utrecht, 1882; Mme. E. Desmousseaux de Givre, Paris, 1888: R. hlaiocchi, Modena, 1889; P. Cavanagh, London, 1890; M. Didiot, Louvain, 1894; 3. 7anaen. Kevelasr. 1898.

On his philosophy, theology, etc., consult: G. H. Bach, De f4tat des times aDraB la mort· d'aPrda S. Thomas et

Dante, ib. 1836; A. R. Feugeray, Essai scar les doctrines politiquea de S. Thomas, Paris, 1857; C. Jourdain, La Philoaophie de S. Thomas d'Aquin, 2 vols., ib. 1858; J. N. C. Oischinger, Die speculative Theologie des Th. v. Aquinas, Landshutt, 1858; H. E. Plassmann, Die Lehre des heildgen Thomas von Aquin fiber die Bescheidenheit and Demuth, Paderborn, 1858; A. Rietter, Die Moral des heiligen Thomas von Aquinas, Munich, 1858; C. M. G. Brechillet-Jourdain, La Philosophie de S. Thomas d'Aquin, Paris, 1858; J. Walker, Essay on the Origin of Knowledge according to the Philosophy of St. Thomas, London, 1858; E. Naville. etude scar Z'muvre de St. Thomas d'Aquin, Paris. 1859; A. Schmid, Die thomistische and scotistische Gewissheitslehre, Dillingen, 1859; A. Goudin, Philosophie suivant Zes principes de S. Thomas, Paris, 1864; J. Delitzaeh, Die Gotteslehre des Thomas van Aquino kritisch dargestellt, Leipsie, 1870; A. Reali, S. Thomas d'Aquin et finfaillibilite des pontifes romains, Paris, 1870; 11f. Glossner, Die Lehre des heiligen Thomas vom Wesen der gsttlichen Gnade, Mainz, 1871; F. X. Leitner, Der heilige Thomas von Aquin caber das unfehlbare Lehramt des Papstes, Freiburg, 1872; A. Murgue. Questions d'ontologie: etudes scar S. Thomas. Lyons, 1876; E. Leeoultre, La Doctrine de Dieu d'apres Aristote et Thomas d'Aquin, Lausanne, 1877; F: A. R. de la Bouillerie, L'Homme, as nature, son dme etc ., d'apTes la doctrine de S. Thomas, Paris, 1880; A. L. C. Bourquard, Doctrine de la connaissance, d'apres la doctrine de Thomas, ib. 1880; A. Otten, Allgemeine Erkenntnisslehre des heiligen Thomas, Paderborn, 1882; J. Astromoff, Introductio ad intelligendam doctrinam Angelici Docforis, Rome, 1884; A. Farges. Eludes philosophiquea pour vuLgariser les theories d'Aristote et de S. Thomas, 8 vole., Paris, 1887-1902; E. C. Lesyerteur, S. Thomas et la. predestination. Mayenne, 1888; G. Feldner, Die Lehre des heiligen Thomas fiber den EinJluss Gottes auf die Handlungen der vernu.nftigen Geschilpfe, Graz, 1889; B. Antoniades, Die Staatslehre des Thomas ab Aquino, Leipaie, 1890; G. Feldner, Die Lehre des heiligen Thomas v. Aquin abet die Willensfreiheit, Graz, 1890; V. Lipperheide, Thomas von Aquino and die platonische Ideenlehre, Munich, 1890; P. E. Neumayer, Theorie des Strebens each Thomas von Aquin, 2 parts, Leipsie, 1890: W. H. Nolena, De leer van den h. Thomas von Aquin over het recht, Utrecht, 1890: F. J. Van de Groot, Summa apologetics de ecclesia catholica ad mentem S. Thomo: Aquinatis, 2 vole., Regensburg, 1890; J. Gardier, Philosophic de S. Thomas, 4 vole., Paris, 18921896; J. J. Berthier, De (etude de la Somme theolog'Wue, Freiburg, 1893; A. Portmann, Due System der theologischen Summce des heiligen Thomas von Aquin, Lucerne, 1894; F. T. Esser, Die LeTare des heiligen Thomas van Aquino fiber die Miiglichkeit einer anJanglosen Schiipfung, Munster, 1895; H. Gayraud, S. Thomas et Is predeEerminisme, Paris, 1895; Guillemin, S. Thomas et le predeterminisme, ib. 1895; A. Cappellazzi, Persona nella dottnna di S. Tommaso d'Aquina, Siena, 1900; C. Alibert, La Paychologie thomiste et lee theories modernes, Lyons, 1902: J. Gottler, Thomas von Aquin and die vortridentinischen Thomisten abet die Wirkungen des Busssakraments, Freiburg, 1904; F. Brommer, Die Lehre vom sakramentalen Charnkter in der Scholastik bis Thomas v. Aquin inklusxve nach gedrucktenund ungedrucktenQuellen dargestellt, Paderborn, 1908; A. Ott, Thomas von Aquin and dos blendikantentum, Freiburg, 1908; P. Rousselot, L'Intellectualisme de Saint-Thomas, Paris, 1903; W. Walker, Greatest Men of the Christian Church, Chicago, 1908; R. Eueken, Die Philosophie des Thomas von Aquino and die Kultur der Neuzeit. 2d ed., Bad Sachsa, 1910; A. D. Sertillanges, St. Thomas d'Aquin, 2 vole., Paris, 1910; P. \landonnet, Des eerits authentiques de S. Thomas d'Aquin, Freiburg, 1910.

THOMAS OF CELANO: Franciscan author (thirteenth century). Of his life little is known; he is supposed to have lived last at the monastery of Tagliacozzo (44 m. e.n.e. of Rome). The one thing certain is that in 1221 he took part in the mission to Germany that was prompted by Francis of Assisi; and that in Germany he had charge of the stations at Mainz, Worms, and Cologne. He returned to Italy after 1223. He can hardly have been one of the most intimate disciples of Francis; it is accordingly remarkable that Gregory IX. detailed him to