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Paris, 1890; Prinz von Oettingen-Spielberg Regensburg, 1899; H. Joly, 2d ed., Paris, 1901; M. G. Liszt, Munster, 1901; W. Fairweather, London, 1907; Helen H. Colvill, Saint Teresa of Spain, London, 1909. Consult further: O. ZSckler, Petrus von Alcantara, Teresia von Avila, and Johannes de Cruce, in Zeitschrift far lutJteriache Theologie and Kirche, xxvi (1885), 68-108, 281-303; H. Heppe, Geachichte der quietistischen Mystik in der kat7aolischen Kirche, pp. 9-22, Berlin, 1875; G. Hahn, Les Phlreom&aes hysteriques et Lea r_vEZationa de S. Th&6se, Brussels, 1883, Germ. transl., Leipeic, 1908; A. Barine, in RDM Lxxv (1886), 549-579; L. de San, etude Patholopico-theolagique our S. ThGr6ae, Louvain, 1888 (answers Hahn); H. Delaeroix, etudes d'hist. et de psycholoqie du mysticisms, Paris, 1908; Saint Theresa: the History of her Foundations. Transl. from Spanish by Sister Agues Mason, London, 1909.

THESSALONICA, then"a-lo-nai'en: A city of Macedonia, the modern Saloniki, situated at the northeast corner of the Thermaic Gulf. Its original name was Therma, or Therme, " Hot Bath," so called from the hot salt-springs found about four miles from the present city. Its later name was probably given to it by Cassander, king of Macedonia, who rebuilt it in 315 s.c., and called it after his wife. Being welt situated for commerce, it was a town of importance from very early times. It was taken from the Macedonians, and occupied by Athenians, about 432; restored soon after; repeopled by Cassander, 315; became the great Macedonian naval station; surrendered to the Romans after the battle of Pydna, 168, and was made the capital of the second of the four divisions of Macedonia, or Macedonia Seconds, between the Strymon and the Axius; and when the four were reduced to one province, under the jurisdiction of a proconsul, it was the virtual metropolis, and there the proconsul lived. There Cicero lived from April till Nov., 58, during his exile; and there the party of Pompey and the senate had their headquarters during the first civil war, 49. It took the aide of Octavius (Augustus) against Sextus Pompeius (4239), and in reward was made a free city. At the opening of the Christian era it was the capital of the whole country between the Adriatic and the Black Sea, and the " chief station on the great Roman road, called the Via Egnatia, which connected Rome with the whole region to the north of the lEgean Sea." Before Constantinople was built, it was virtually the capital of Greece and Illyricum, as well as of Macedonia, and shared the trade of the tEgean with Ephesus and Corinth. In the middle of the third Christian century it was made a Roman colony, soldiers being settled there in order to increase its strength as a bulwark against the Gothic hordes. In 390 A.D., in a sedition there, the prefect Botericus was murdered; in dreadful revenge, nearly 7,000 persons were massacred by Theodosius I. 'I (q.v.; cf. AMBROSE, SAINT, OF MILAN). From the fourth to the eighth century Thessalonica withstood many attacks from Goths and Slavs. On July 30, 904, it was taken by the Saracens; on Aug. 15, 1185, by the Normans of Sicily, and by the Turks in 1380; it was ceded to the Greek Emperor Manuel, 1403, sold to the Venetians by Andronicus, and finally taken by the Turks from the Venetians, 1430. The modern city had in 1907 a population of 150; 000. Its commerce is extensive, and it retains its ancient importance,

The apostle Paul introduced Christianity into Thessalonica upon his second missionary journey. He came with Silas and Timothy, preached for three Sundays in the synagogue there, and, as the result of the work, a church was gathered, principally composed, however, of Gentiles. Among the converts were Caius, Aristarchus, Secundus, and perhaps Jason (Acts xvii. 1-13, xx. 4, xxvii. 2; cf. Phil. iv. 16; II Tim. iv. 10). Paul wrote to the Thesaslonian Church two epistles from Corinth (see PAUL, IL, 2, §§ 1-2). In striking proof of the minute accuracy of Luke, upon the arch of the Vardar gate, so called because it leads to the Vardar, or Axius, there occurs the word 7ro;.crapxo'vvrw (politarchs) as the designation of the seven magistrates of the city, a word unmentioned in ancient literature, yet the word which Luke employs to designate them (Acts xvii. 8).

From Thessalonica the Gospel spread quickly all around (I Thess. i. 8). " During several centuries this city was the bulwark, not simply of the later Greek Empire, but of Oriental Christendom, and was largely instrumental in the conversion of the Slavonians and Bulgarians. Thus it received the designation of the ` Orthodox City'" (Howson). Its see had well-nigh the dignity of a patriarchate; and it was because Leo the Isaurian severed the trans-Adriatic provinces, which had been under its immediate jurisdiction, from the Roman see, that the division between the Latin and Greek was in great measure caused. It was the see-city of Eustar thius of Thessalohica (q.v.). From 1205 to 1418 there were Latin archbishops in Thessalonica. At the present day it is the seat of a Greek metropolitan, and contains numerous churches and schools of different denominations. Many of the mosques were formerly churches.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: T. L. F. Tafel, Dissertatio de Thessaloniea, Berlin, 1839 (the chief authority); G. F. Bowen, Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus, London, 1852; H. F. Tozer, Geography of Greece, p. 204, London, 1873; W. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, ii. 1170-1174, London, 1878; W. M. Ramsay, Church in the Roman Empire, passim, London, 1893; idem, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, chap. x., ib. 1898; Abbe Belley, in Memoires de L'aeademie des inscriptions, xxxviii. 121146; DB, iv. 749-750; EB, iv. 5046-48; KL, x. 858660; and, in general, the works on Paul the Apostle, the introductions to the commentaries on Thessalonians and the commentaries on Acts.

THEUDAS, thu'das: A Jewish factionary named by Gamaliel, Acts v. 34-39. A Theudas is named also by Josephus (Ant., XX., v. 1), who states that this man was a magician who in the time of Fadus the procurator (44-46 A.D.) claimed to be a prophet, drew many people after him, promising to divide the waters of the Jordan for their passage, but that his company was dispersed by a troop which Fadus sent against them; many of them were killed, while Theudas was caught and beheaded. This Theudas was anterior in time to Judas, according to Gamaliel, therefore before 6-7 A.D., so that Gamaliel could not on this basis have meant the same person as Josephus, whose affair took place ten years later than Gamaliel's speech. Since the time of Origen (Contra Celsum, i. 6) many have sought to see two Theudases, though a Theudas of the period indicated by Gamaliel is not known, and arbitrary iden-