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14. Susquehanna:. The School of Theology of Susquehanna University, at Selinsgrove, Pa., is a part of the school founded in 1858 by Rev. B. Kurtz. It has always been under Lutheran control, and was known as "Missionary Institute," until its incorporation with Susquehanna University in 1894. Its special object as the Institute was to prepare men for both home and foreign mission work, and students were received without regard to age or domestic ties, and ordinarily with less than a college education. The course was three years, and was practical rather than theoretical, but since 1894 it has required as preparation a full college training. Among its theological teachers have been Drs. B. Kurtz, H. Ziegler, P. Born, d. B. Foehh, C. M. Heisler, and J. Zutzy. In 1910, the faculty numbered four: C. T. Aikens, F. P. Manhart, D. B. Floyd, and H. M. Follmer, and there were twelve students, while the library of the entire university contained 11,500 volumes. FRANK P. M_,amAnT.

16. Wartburg: This seminary, which is situated at Dubuque, Ia., is the theological institution of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States. It was founded by Rev. George Grossmann at Dubuque, Ia., in Sept., 1853, supported by the Lutheran church of Germany, under the leadership of Rev. Wilhelm Lohe, of Neuendettelsau, Bavaria, after Grossmann had withdrawn from the Bavarian settlements, near Saginaw, Mich., to prevent schism in that territory because the cooperation of LShe was no longer desired by the Missouri Synod. From 1858 to 1876 the faculty consisted of George Grossmann, Sigmund Fritschel, and Gottfried Fritschel. In 1857 the seminary was removed to St. Sebald, Ia., where the necessities of life were raised on a farm, but in 1874 it found more spacious quarters at Mendota, Ill., whence it was transferred, in 1889, to its permanent home at Dubuque, Ia. It stands for the principles represented by the Iowa synod, namely, a conservative, positive Lutheranism, avoiding, on the one hand, a laxity which surrenders the peculiarities of the Lutheran tenets, and, on the other hand, a rigorous extreme which makes no distinction between essentials and nonessentials. It emphasizes the absolute superiority of the Scriptures in all matters of faith, and finds these expressed in the Lutheran confessions. No new movements have originated in this seminary, but the old Lutheran methods of preaching the Gospel purely have been practised. The brothers Fritschel mentioned above, two of the leading Lutheran theologians, have exerted an influence far beyond the bounds of the Iowa synod, Sigmund especially as the representative at the meetings of the General Council, and Gottfried also as author.

In 1911 there were four professors and sixtyeight students. A board of trustees elected at the triennial sessions of the synod controls the financial affairs, while the professors are elected by a special board. The students live together in the seminary building, and hoard is furnished by the institution. The internal affairs are regulated by the students and the faculty. The nine months' work closes with final examinations before a synodical board,

and the graduates are entitled to positions in the synod. The course of instruction provides for three years' work in a " theoretical " section for college graduates, and a " practical " section for others. All branches of Lutheran theology are taught in the curriculum, partly in German, and partly in English. For its support the institution depends upon the liberality of the Iowa synod congregations, although an endowment fund of $73,214 has accumulated. The present. student body comes from the following states and countries: Germany (7), Bohemia (1), Illinois (7), Iowa (17), Kansas (1), Michigan (1), Missouri (2), Nebraska (4), North Dakota (4), Ohio (4), Wisconsin (1), and Texas (7). The library has about 12,000 volumes, among which a collection on Lutheran polemics and irenics, bequeathed by Prof. Sigmund Fritschel, is worthy of mention, being the most complete in its line on this continent.

GEO. J. FRITaCHEL.

Bxsiaoaaerax: J. Deindorfer, Geschichte der evangelischLutherdachen Synods Iowa, Chicago, 1897; G. J. Fritschel,

18. Wauwatosa: The Lutheran theological seminary, now located at Wauwatosa, Milwaukee Co., Wis., was founded in 1865 by the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Wisconsin and Other States, at Watertown, Wis., as part of the Northwestern University established at that place, its purpose being to train young men for the ministry of the Lutheran Church. Rev. E. Moldehnke was the first teacher of the seminary, but was succeeded in 1867 by Rev. A. Hoenecke, who was thereafter connected with the seminary until his death in 1908. When, in 1870, Hoenecke accepted a call to one of the churches of Milwaukee, the work of the seminary was suspended until 1878, when the institution was reestablished at Milwaukee, still under the charter of the Northwestern University. Hoenecke was appointed to the presidency, and Prof. A. L. Graebner and Prof. E. Notz were the other members of the new faculty. When Prof. Graebner, in 1887, accepted a call to Concordia Seminary, at St. Louis, Mo., Rev. G. Thiele was chosen as his successor. In 1901, Prof. J. P. Koehler took the chair of church history made vacant by Prof. Thiele's resignation, and Prof. Notz having died in 1903, Rev. A. Pieper was appointed in his place. In the mean time, the seminary had been moved from the city of Milwaukee to its present suburban location within the limits of Wauwatosa, and the new building was dedicated in 1893. Soon after, the Synod of Wisconsin transferred the control of the institution to the Joint Synod of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, and Other States, then newly formed, of which the Wisconsin synod had become an integral part on its establishment. The faculty continued unchanged until Dr. A. Hoenecke died on Jan. 3, 1908, his place being taken, in September of the same year, by Prof. J. Schaller.

The seminary stands for positive Lutheran theology in the strictest sense, as closely following the teachings of the Bible, which, being verbally inspired by the Spirit of God, is the last and only authority in questions of doctrine. Among the instructors who have been attached to the institution,