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All three original schools were established primarily for the training of negro preachers, and secondarily for the training of other negro Christian workers, especially teachers. The very elementary instruction of the early years was gradually supplemented by more and more advanced studies, secular and theological, until in 1897 Wayland Seminary began regular work in a Bachelor-of-Arts course, and in 1886 Richmond Theological Seminary limited itself entirely to students for the ministry, and inaugurated a full three-years' theological course, although a very elementary ministers' course, extending over two years, is still provided for those who can not prepare for a more thorough course. An English theological course, and a full theological course, including Hebrew and Greek interpretation, are also given.

The institution stands for a moral, intelligent, evangelical Christian ministry among the negroes. It aims to give the negro preacher who is prepared for it practically the same theological training as that which is given to white men, believing that a broad and thorough education will be needed by the religious leaders to meet all kinds of errors, to guide the people to a higher life, and to win the respect of the increasingly intelligent young negro people.

A board of sixteen trustees, about equally divided between Northern white men, Southern white men, and negroes, controls the school. The theological department has five professors, whose salaries are partly paid by an endowment of about $85,000, the American Baptist Home Mission Society paying the rest. Of the university library df 12,000 books, about 7,000 may be said to belong to the theological department. The students enrolled in 1910 number thirty, and there are seventy others in the university looking forward to the ministry who have not yet entered upon their theological course. About 1,000 negro preachers have received their training in this school from 1865 to 1910. GEORGE R1cE HOVEY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: G. A. Corey, Reminiscensea of Thirty Years' Labor in the South, Richmond, Va., 1895; Jubilee Volume

II. Free Baptist.-1. Hillsdale: This seminary forms one of the departments of Hillsdale College, situated in Hillsdale, Mich. It was founded in 1870, and is affiliated with the Free Baptist denomination. In 1869 the Free Baptist Education Society gave to Hillsdale College the sum of $17,000, on condition that a theological department be organized in accord with certain requirements accompanying the gift, and these stipulations having been satisfactorily met upon the part of the board of trustees, the seminary was opened on Sept. 1, 1870. The principal agent in its foundation was the Rev. Ransom Dunn (q.v.), and he and the Rev. J. J. Butler were the first teachers. From the time of its establishment until the present the department has been continuously at work, and with no little degree of success, when one considers the small amount of its endowment and the relative size of its denominational constituency. It has strengthened its courses of study, has disbursed thousands of dollars to needy students, and has imparted instruction 0 hundreds of young men. The department stands

for the cultivation of the moral and spiritual life on a foundation of thorough scholarship and efficient Christian service. Believing that the Bible is the supreme source for the religious. life, the department aims to make its students earnest, devout, and scholarly interpreters of the word. At the same time, recognizing the activity of the Spirit of God in the history of the world, this source of divine truth is not neglected in the endeavor to trace the unfolding purpose of God, all of which helps the student better to solve the problem of to-day in the light of history. Mere acquisition is considered of less value than training and a correct method, and the class work is conducted with a view to interest the student in independent investigation and to develop a capacity for it.

The department has exerted a wide-spread and highly beneficial influence upon the Free Baptist denomination. Its graduates are found as pastors of many of the most influential churches of the denomination, and more than half of the Free Baptist workers in the mission fields are graduates of Hillsdale, while a considerable number of its alumni are to be found in important positions in other denominations. Prominent among, its instructors have been the Rev. Ransom Dunn, the Rev. J. J. Butler, the Rev. A. T. Salley, the Rev. Charles D. Dudley, and the Rev. J. S. Copp; and its present corps of instructors is composed of the Rev. Delavan B. Reed, the Rev. J. T. Ward, and the Rev. Leroy Waterman. The seminary is under the supervision of thirty-five trustees, assisted by a theological advisory board of nine, nominated by the executive committee of the General Conference of Free Baptists and elected by the trustees. In 1910 the number of students. was twenty-six, coming from New York, Ohio,. Wisconsin, and Michigan, and including, besides Free Baptists, Methodists, United Brethren, and Congregationalists. The endowment is about $83,000, and the library contains some 2,000 volumes, the students also having access to the general college library of 17,000 volumes.

DELAVAN B. REED.

III. Congregational-1. Andover: In the year 1807 a plan was formed for the establishment of a theological seminary in Andover, Mass., which should be connected with Phillips Academy, where for years students had been trained for the ministry by resident pastors. While the projectors of this school were maturing their plans, they heard of another and similar institution which was to be established at Newbury, less than twenty miles distant. Eliphalet Pearson (q.v.) was most prominent among the promoters of the Andover institution, and Samuel Spring (q.v.) among the Newbury group; the Andover men were " moderate Calvinists," so called, and the Newbury men styled themselves " consistent Calvinists," though they were usually called " Hopkinsians." It was so obviously undesirable that two Calvinistic theological schools should be founded so near together that efforts were at once made to combine them, and after prolonged struggles a union of the two projects was effected. To provide a theological platform for the seminary, the two parties united in a creed, representing in its modifications from the Westminster Assembly's