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Wittenburg), the ultimate intention being that each province of Old Prussia shall have at least one seminary.

Other national churches have founded seminaries. To this number belong the seminaries of Herborn in Nassau (1818), Munich (1833), Wolfenbiittel in Brunswick (1836; a revival of the seminary at

Riddagshausen), Friedberg in Hessero. Types Darmstadt (1837), Heidelberg (1838),

courses in practical theology as early as 1834), Hofgeismar in Hesse-Kassel (1891), Preetz in Sleswick-Holstein (1896; a similar institution had existed at Hadersleben since 1870 to train pastors for Danish-speaking churches), and Schwerin in Mecklenburg (1901). These seminaries fall into three groups: obligatory of the old type (Herborn, Friedberg, and Heidelberg); optional (all the seminaries of Old Prussia and Hanover, the Predigerkollegium at Leipsic, and the seminaries of Munich, Altenburg, Hofgeismar, and Wolfenbiittel); and obligatory of the new type (Preetz with Hadersleben and Schwerin). Attendance at the seminaries of the first and thir3 groups is required of all candidates for admission to the second examination, the difference between the two groups being that those of the old type treat those who attend them essentially as pupils, while those of the new type, like the optional institutions, allow wider scope for independent practical work and substitute conferences of the candidates for lectures. In consequence of their more elastic organization seminaries of the second, or optional, group may also admit such theological candidates as have already passed their second examination. In Wittenberg and Hofgeismar it is the rule to include candidates for pastorates among their members, while the Domkandidatenstift in Berlin and the Predigerkollegium in Leipsic accept, generally speaking, only those who are awaiting a call to a parish, this being adopted as a principle at Wolfenbuttel. In Sleawick-Holstein, since 1906, all candidates are required, after completing their courses at Preetz or Hadersleben, to officiate for a year as vicars.

In the Roman Catholic Church theological education received a new impulse in the sixteenth century when the Council of Trent decided upon the training of future clergy in ecclesiastical institu-

tions, thus requiring the establishtr. Roman ment of seminaries for priests. The

Training seminaries from the age of twelve, and in Germany. in them were to receive their entire

training, except the most elementary, which was required as a condition of entrance. The establishment of such seminaries was made the special duty of bishops, and many institutions of this character were soon erected, probably the first being those founded by Cardinal Amulio de Rieti and by Bishop Martin of Schaumberg in 1564. Others soon followed in Benevento, Verona, Larino, Brixia, and Osimo. The pope often gave funds for establishments thus giving rise to the " papal seminaries," Gregory XIIL, for instance, founding six seminaries at Rome for the Eastern Church, the

Helvetic seminary at Milan, and two seminaries at Venice.. The Jesuits, however, relieved the Church in great measure of the burden of theological education, nor was it until the suppression of the order that the ruling of the Council of Trent required earnest attention. In Germany Roman Catholic clergy are either trained from boyhood in episcopal seminaries, where they may remain until their ordination, or they first attend a public gymnasium, then complete the three years' course at a university, and, finally, before ordination, take a course in a seminary, the latter institution being essentially dependent on the sanction of the State. Prussian seminaries for Roman Catholic priests now exist in Trevea, Kuhn, Gnesen, Ermland, Hildesheim, Osnabruck, Fulda, and Limburg. Cologne, Munster, Paderborn, and Breslau have each two seminaries; there are theological faculties in Bonn, Paderborn, and Breslau, lyceums in Braunsberg, Fulda, and Gnesen, and an academy in Munster. Saxons has a Wendish seminary in Prague, while the province of the Upper Rhine and Alsace-Lorraine have one seminary each in Mainz, Strasburg, and Metz, and two each in Freiburg and Rottenburg. There are theological faculties in Freiburg and Rottenburg. Each of the Bavarian dioceses possesses a seminary for priests, while MunichFreising has two; there are royal lyceums in Freising, Dillingen, Regensburg, Passau, Bamberg, and Eichstatt, and theological faculties in Munich and Wiirzburg, as well as a large number of seminaries for boys, mostly connected with seminaries for priests.

The development of Roman Catholic theological education gained fresh impetus from the reform of studies in Austria in the eighteenth century. The various departments of church history and the ancillary Biblical sciences were then introduced into theological education, pastoral theology was separated from moral theology and canon law, and systematic lectures on dogmatics and moral theology were inaugurated. The Austrian course of studies, covering three years, has been adopted everywhere in Germany and is still in force.

(FERDINAND Coxxs.)

II. Supplementary: The earliest Christian training was by means of personal contact and instruction, such as Jesus gave to his disciples and Paul to his companions. Not until the simpler faith crystallized into doctrine and a canon

z. Ante- of Scripture called for interpretation Nicene did it become necessary to establish