[Image] [Hi-Res Image]
Page 323
323 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Theodore the Stadite Theodoret strong. Theodore visited all parts of the island, introduced uniformity in worship and customs, filled vacant bishoprics, created new ones, and made Canterbury a center of learning. On Sept. 24, 673, he held at Hertford a synod, which is regarded as the first English national assembly; articles were then agreed upon for the government of the church. A second synod was held at Hatfield in 680. Theodore's character and ability are shown by the success of his plans, and his services to the English church and English learning can hardly be overestimated. He is supposed to have written a Penitential, but if so, it is not now known. A work by another hand, embodying his views, is in Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, iii. 173-213. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Bede, Hist. eccl., iv. 1-3, 5, 6, 12, 17, 21, v. 3, 8; Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, iii. 114-227; Will iam of Malmesbury, Gesta pontificum, book i,; Gervase of Canterbury, Acta pontificum, in Stubbs, ut sup.; ASB, Sept., vi. 55-82; ASM, ii. 955-993; W. F. Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, i. 145-175, London, 1860; J. R. Green, Making of England, 2 vols. passim, ib., 1897; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, i. 71-80 et passim, ib., 1897; W. Bright. Chapters in Early English Church History, pp. 251-262, 273-284, 318-321, 357-361, 394-396, 3d ed., ib. 1897; G. F. Browne, Theodore and WidJrilh, ib., 1897; W. Hunt, English Church . . . (697-1066), passim, ib. 1899; DNB, lvi. 122-126; DCB, iv. 926-932. THEODORE AND THEOPHANES (GRAPTOI) Illustrious martyrs of the iconoclastic controversies (see IMAGES AND IMAGE-WORSHIP). 1. Theodore was born at Jerusalem, 775 (?), and died in prison near Chalcedon (7 m. s.e. of Constan tinople) in Asia Minor, Dec. 27, 840 (?). With his father Jonas and his brother Theophanes, he entered the Sabaite monastery and came to Constantinople most probably under Michael Rhangaba, where the brothers contended and suffered in behalf of the images under Leo the Armenian. Under Michael Balbus they dwelt at Soothenion on the Bosporus. Theophilus banished them to the island of Aphusia. On July 18, 836, they had their foreheads branded with twelve iambic verses (whence the name graptoi). Theodore died in prison. The logoi of Theodore on the image-cult, mentioned by biographers as kuno lukes, have not been recovered. Several writings belonging to the Patriarch Nicephorus have been erroneously attributed to him, also a biography of Nicephorus (q.v.). 2. Theophanes, brother of Theodore, was born at Jerusalem, 778; and died at Nicaea, Oct. 11, 845 or 851 (?). He survived the restitution of or thodoxy under Theodora and was made archbishop of Nicxa. His remains were interred in the Chora cloister. Theophanes was one of the most prolific and famous religious poets of the Church. W. Christ counts among the men.cea (menceon: a book containing the troparia or short hymns for the immovable feasts of the month the name of which stands on the title-page) in print 151 canones (groups of nine odes each) of Theophanes. The authenticity of most of them awaits critical investi gation. One of them is to his brother to be sung on his day. (E. VON DosscxiiTZ.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: The sources for a life are two biographies, one by Simeon Metaphraates and another by Theodora Can tacuzena Palaiologina, ed. A. Papadopoulos-Kerameus, in Analecta lerosoluraitikes, iv. 185-223, cf. v. 397-399. Leip sic, 1897; cf. MPG, exvi. 653-684; the writings of Michael Syncellus in MPG, iv. 61768, xcvn. 1504-21, and two
lives of him, ed. T. Schmidt, Kahri Djami, 1906; Acta sanctorunz Davidis, Symeonis, et Georgii, ed. Delehaye, in Analecta Bollandiann, xviii. 239 sqq.; E. von Dobschiitz, in Byzantinische ZeitschrGJt, xviii (1905), 54-92. Consult: Fabrieius-Harles, Bibliotheca Greeca, xi. 186 sqq., Hamburg, 1808; Krumbacher, Geschichte, pp. 73, 166, 586, 677, 707; S. Vailhe, in Revue de L'orient chretien, vi (1901), 313-322, 61042.
THEODORET, the-ed'o-ret: Bishop of Cyrrhus and member of the School of Antioch (q.v.; see also EXEGESIS on HERMENEUTICS, III., § 3); b. at Antioch in 393 (Tillemont); d. either at Gurus or Gyrrhus (" about a two-days' journey
Life. east of Antioch "; eighty Roman miles), or at the monastery near Apamea (54 m. s.s.e. of Antioch) about 457. The following facts about his life are gleaned mainly from his " Epistles ". and his " Religious History' (Philotheos historic). His mother having been childless for twelve years, his birth was promised by a hermit named Macedoniua on the condition of his dedication to God, whence the name Theodoret (" gift of God "). He was brought up under the care of the ascetics and acquired a very extensive classical knowledge,. and, according to Photius, a style of Attic purity. That he was a' personal dis ciple of Theodore of Mopsuestia and listened to Chrysostom is improbable. He early became a lector among the clergy of Antioch, tarried a while in a monastery, was a cleric at Cyrrhus, and in 423 became bishop over a diocese about forty miles square and embracing 800 parishes, but with an insignificant town as its see city. Theodoret, supported only by the appeals of the intimate hermits, himself in personal danger, zealously guarded purity of the doctrine. More than 1,000 Marcionites were reclaimed in his diocese, beside many Arians and Macedonians; more than 200 copies of Tatian's Diatessaron he retired from the churches; and he erected churches and supplied them with relics. Extensive and varied were his philanthropic and economic interests: he en deavored to secure relief for the people oppressed with taxation; his inheritance he divided among the poor; out of his episcopal revenues he erected baths, bridges, halls, and aqueducts; he sum moned rhetoricians and physicians, and reminded the officials of their duties.. To the persecuted Christians of Persian Armenia he sent letters of encouragement, and to the Carthaginian Celeatiacua, fleeing before the Vandals, he gave refuge.The life of Theodoret stands out prominently in the christological controversies aroused by Cyril (see NEaTORIUB; EUTYCHIANIaM). Theodoret shared in the petition of John of Antioch to
The Nestorius to approve of the term Nestorian theotokos (" mother of God "), and upon Controversy. the request of John wrote against Cyril's anathemas.He may have prepared the Antiochian symbol which was to secure the emperor's true understanding of the Nicene Creed, and he was member and spokesman of the deputation of eight from Antioch called by the emperor to Chalcedon. To the condemnation of Nestorius he could not assent. John, reconciled to Cyril by the emperor's
