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Theism Theodore THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG

religious person. English theists, like J. Martineau (q.V.;, C. B. Upton, and E. Caird, supplement transcendence with immanence, thus representing a theism approximating pantheism.

On the question of its justification, it is to be admitted that a theistic view can not claim scientific validity. Scientific thought does not yield to the assumption of a personal God clothed with ethical attributes. A universal or an unconditioned being must of necessity be postulated. To the highest being universal attributes, such as

g. Relation omnipresence and unity, must be to Scientific ascribed. Omniscience is doubtful Reason. inasmuch as it implies the spiritual, which may not be attributed to un conditioned being without the presumption of a philosophic view that does not need to obtain uni versal validity. However, not only reason but the yearnings of the soul crave to be satisfied. The devout human being requires above all things a living God, not only omniscient, but also all-wise. He must be a person, who is at the same time love, by which he is willing to make man, whose needs he understands, contented and happy; exercising at the same time justice, and being about to bring happiness in agreement with virtue, either in this world or the next. These are attributes that may be multiplied according as man qualifies himself to ward him, and may be called ethical. They bring deity near to man, or God down amidst the phenom enal, by attributing to him qualities magnified, which are inconsistent with the nature of the infi nite and universal. Science, if indeed unwilling to protest against the anthropomorphizing of the highest, can do nothing to support it, and can not concur with theism in desiring to attribute these properties to God. Faith must, therefore, maintain what reason may not afford, and thus embrace theism. See DEISM; GOD; and RATIONALISM AND SUPERNATURALISM. (M. HEINZEt.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: S. Clarke, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God, London, 1705-16; I. Kent, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Riga 1781 (see under KANT for Eng. tranalsJ; F. W. J. Sehelling, System des transcendentalen Idealismus, Tiibingen, 1800; A. H. Ritter, Ueber die Erkenntniss GotEes in der Welt, Hamburg, 1836; J. U. Wirth, Die speculative Ides Gotten, Stuttgart, 1845; H. L. Mansel, Limits of Religious Thought, London, 1850; J. Croll, Philosophy of Theism, ib. 1551; Abbe Gratry, Philosophic de la connaissance de Dieu, 2 vols., Paris, 1853; W. M. Gillespie, The Necessary Existence of God, London, 1855; J. Tulloch, Theism, Edinburgh, 1855; I. H. Fichte, Ueber den Unterschied zwischen ethischen and naturalistischen

`Theiamus, Halls, 1556; E. Steers, Essay on the Existence and Attributes of God, London, 1856; F. W. Newman, Theism, Doctrinal and Practical, ib. 1858; J. W. Hanne, Die Ides der absolutes PersonlichkeEt oder Gott and aein YerhB.ltniss zur Welt, insonderheit zur menschlichen Personlichkeil, 2 vols., Hanover, 1861; M. Carribre, Gott, Gemiith and Welt, Stuttgart, 1862; W. Cooks, The Deify, Edinburgh, 1862; R. A. Thompson Christian Theism, new ed., London, 1863; F. Pecaut, De favenir du theisme chr6tien considgre comme religion, Paris, 1864; M. Kahler, Der lebendige Gott, Leipsic, 1867; E. Herwig, Ueber den ontoLogxscTaen Beweis, Rostock, 1868; A. Riedel, Ueber das Dasein GoEtes, Augsburg, 1869; A. Robertson, The Existence of God, London, 1870; H. von Brueken, Das Wesen Gotten and der Welt, 2 vols., Berlin, 1871; H. Ulriei, Gott and die Natur, Leipsic, 1875· E. Castan, De fides de Dieu, 2 vols., Paris, 1877; G. J. Romance, A Candid Examina tion of Theism, London. 1878; B. P. Bowne, Studies in Theism, New York, 1879; idem, Philosophy of Theism. rev. ed., ib. 1902; C. C. Mairae, Historical Sketch of Theism,

London, 1879; J. T. Doedea, Inletding tot de leer van God, 2d ed., Utrecht 1880· C. J. Ellicot, The Betray of God, London, 1880; J. L. Diman, The Theistic Argument, Boston, 1882; J. Hamburger, Gott unrl seine O,$'enbarungen in Natur and Geschichte, Giitersloh, 1882; G. Runze, Der ontologiache Gotteabeweis, Halls, 1882; J. J. Lies, Is it possible to know God? London, 1883; F. Vidal, De la eroyance philosophique en Dieu, 2d ed., Paris, 1883; R. Flint, Theism, 5th ed., Edinburgh, 1885; F. E. Abbot, Scientific Theism, Boston, 1888; R. A. Armstrong, Man's Knowledge of God, London, 1886; idem, God and the soul, 2d ed., ib. 1898; J. G. Cazenave, Historic Aspects of the a priori Arguments concerning the Being and Attributes of God, ib. 1886; R. T. Smith, Man's Knowledge of Man and of God, Edinburgh, 1886; J. S. Van Dyke, Theism and Evolution, London, 1886; T. V. Tymma, Mystery of God, ib. 1887; A. W. Momerie, Belief in God, 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1888; A. de Anglement, Dieu et fetre uriiversel, Paris, 1889; S. Harris, The Sell-revelation of God, 2d ed., New York, 1889; idem, The Philosophical Basis of Theism, 2d ed., ib. 1894; D. B. Purinton, Christian Theism, its Claims and Sanctions, ib. 1889; H. H. Moors, The Anatomy of Theism, London, 1890; C. A. Row, Christian Theism, ib. 1890; J. G. Sehurman, Belief in God, its Origin, Nature, and Basis, New York, 1890· G. de Alviella, Origin and Growth of the Conception of God, London, 1892, Fr. ed., Paris, 1892; R. F. Clarks, A Dialogue on the Existence of God, ib. 1892; A. Drews, Die deutsche SPekulation seit Kant miE besonderer Riicksicht auJ das Wesen den Absolutes and die Perasnlichkeit Gottea, 2 vols., Berlin, 1892; E. Caird, The Evolution of Religion, 2 vols., London, 1893; W. L. Davidson, Theism as Grounded in Human Nature, London and New York, 1893; W. Knight, Aspects of Theism, ib., 1893; J. Orr, The Christian View of God and the World Centering in the Incarnation, Edinburgh, 1893; J. R. Illingworth, Personality Human and Divine, London, 1894; idem, Divine Immanence, ib. 1898; R. Ottley, The Doctrine of the Incarnation, 2 vols., ib. 1894; A. J. Balfour, The Foundations of Belief, London and New York, 1895; H. Baynes, The Idea of God and the Moral Sense, 2 vols., London, 1895; A. C. Fraser, Philosophy of Theism (Gifford lectures, 1st series, 1894-95), Edinburgh and London, 1895; G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Religion. With Proofs of Existence of God, London, 1895; G. Jamieson, The Great Problem of Substance and its Attributes, ib. 1895; R. A. Meincke, Die Beweise fur das Dasein Gotten, Heidelberg, 1895; E. Melzer, Der Beweis fur das Dasein Gotten, Neiase, 1895; J. R. Seeley, Natural Religion, 4th ed., London, 1895; C. Voysey, Theism as a Science of Natural Theology and Natural Religion, ib. 1895; idem, Lectures on the Theistic Faith and its Foundations, ib. 1895; Duke of Argyll, Philosophy of Belief. London, 1896; O. Berger, Les Origiues de la philosophic reels (faEheisme spiritualists), Brussels, 1896; L. Buchner, Gott and die Wissenachajt, Leipsic, 1896; F. Drion, Preuve philosophique de l'existence de Dieu, Brussels, 1896; G. Allen, The Evolution of the Idea of God, London and New York, 1897; J. M. Baldwin, Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development, New York, 1897; E. B. Gamble, The God-Idea of the Ancients, New York and London, 1897; W. James, The Will to Believe and Other Essays, New York, 1897; J. Royce, The Conception of God, New York, 1897; J. Lindsay. Recent Advances in Theistic Philosophy, Edinburgh, 1897; R. M. Wesley, Contemporary Theology and Theism, ib. 1897; P. Bard, Das Dasein Gotten, Schwerin, 1898; C. Bensow, Ueber die M6glichkeit since ontologischen Beweises fur das Dasein Gotten, Rostock, 1898; L. T. Cole, The Basis of Early Christian Theism, New York, 1898; J. B. Heinrich, Der kosmolopiache Gottesbeweis and Kent's Kritik der reinen Vernunft~ Mainz, 1898; E. Rolfes, Die Gottesbeweiae bei Thomas von Aquin and Aristoteles, Cologne, 1898· R. de ClerS, Nkessitk ~reath_vxatique de fexisterece de Dieu, Paris, 1899; C. F. D'Arey, Idealism and Theology, London, 1899; J. Geyser, Das philosophische Gokesproblem. Bonn, 1899; J. Iveraeh, Theism in the Light of Present Science and Philosophy, New York, 1899; J. P. Brisaet, La Science de Dieu, Paris, 1900; L. D6sers, Dieu et fhomme, Paris, 1900; J. T. Driscoll, Christian Philosophy: God, New York, 1900; J. H. Kennedy, Gottesglaube and moderns Weltanschauung, Berlin, 1900; J. Martineau, A Study of Religion, London, 1900; P. Sehwartzkopff, Beweis fiir das Daaein Gottea, Halls, 1900; M. Valentine, Natural Theology, or Rational Theism, New York, 1900; J. E. Alaua, Dieu et le monde, Paris, 1901; A.. Caldeeott,