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in favor through the country. In 1817 New York began its regular observance. New England's influence was felt through the emigration of its people to the West, and by the middle of the nineteenth century nearly all the states of the Union had adopted it. President Lincoln appointed a special thanksgiving on Aug. 6, 1863, to celebrate the victory of Gettysburg, and on Nov. 26 of the same year a harvest festival was observed likewise. From that time Thanksgiving Day has become a national occasion of rejoicing, and is appointed regularly by the president for the last Thursday of November, and the governors of the several states also appoint the same day. HENRY K.' RowE.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Consult the literature under FA$aI!DAY, and

E. H. Hughes, Thanksgiving Sermons, New York, 1910.

THAYER, JOSEPH HENRY: Congregationalist, New Testament lexicographer; b. in Boston, Mass., Nov. 7, 1828; d. at Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 26, 1901. He was graduated from Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1850, and from Andover Theological Seminary, Mass., 1857; was pastor at Salem, Mass., 1859-64; chaplain Fortieth Massachusetts Volunteers, 1862-63; professor of sacred literature in Andover Theological Seminary, 1864-82; and from 1884 professor of New Testament criticism and interpretation in the Harvard Divinity School. He translated the 7th ed. (Liinemann's) of Winer's Grammar of the New Testament Greek (Andover, 1869); A. Buttmann's Grammar of the Greek New Testament (1873); and with revision and enlargement the 2d ed. of Grimm's Wilke's Clavis Novi Testamenti, under title, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (New York, 1886); and edited a new edition of Sophocles' Greek Lexicon: Roman and Byzantine Periods (1887). These publications established his reputation in the first rank in New-Testament and patristic scholarship, especially in textual criticism. He was one of the New Testament company of American revisers of the Bible.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: C. H. Toy, in Harvard Graduates' Magazine, x (1902), 363 sqq.; C. J. H. Ropes, in AJT, vi (1902), 285 aqq., and in Biblical World, xix (1902), 248 sqq.; W. N. Steams, in Biblical World, ib. pp. 226 sqq.

THEATINES: An order of regular clergy founded in Italy in the beginning.of the sixteenth century. It was in a way a precursor of the Society of Jesus in that it compassed noteworthy results in battling with " heresy," in connection with the incipient Reformation in Italy. The Theatine organization had its point of departure in Rome under Leo X. and his successors, when it grew out of the Oratory of the Divine Love (q.v.), the fundamental ideas of which Gaetano of Tiene (b. at Vicenza in 1480; d. 1547) designed to apply in a more comprehensive activity. He first founded, in Verona, a fraternity (of Hieronymites) having similar aims; he then returned to Rome, renounced his prebends, and joined with Bonifazio da Colle, Paolo Consiglieri, and Giovanni Pietro Caraffa (see Pour. IV.) in creating the order, which was confirmed by Clement VII. The name which the common people gave the new order, Chietini, shows that they deemed not Gaetano, but Caraffa to be the actual founder I or leader, their ascription referring to the see of Chieti, which had been occupied by Caraffa. The

bull of confirmation approves the rendering of the three vows, the election of a provost for terms of three years, administration of the daily routine, and conveys to the order all privileges of canons of the Lateran.

One of the four joint organizers owned a house in Rome, which was fitted up for the order. Material subsistence was to be secured through purely voluntary donations. High value was attached to diligent preaching; but fostering care was also given to the sick. As the membership increased, a larger house was occupied; but when the sack of Rome, in 1527, drove the Theatines away in the general exit, there succeeded two other settlements, one in Venice, 1527, and one at Naples, 1533. The Roman settlement was renewed in 1536. The biographer of Paul IV., Antonio Caracciolo, accounts it as chief merit of the Theatines that by means of their social connections at Naples, as likewise by cleverly utilizing what information the confessional afforded, they discovered the evil plant of heresy, and eradicated the same. And the measures devised by Gaetano at Naples, from 1538 forward, against the fellow sympathizers of a Juan de Vald6s, against Pietro Mar-tire Vermigli and Bernardino Ochino (qq.v.), he repeated at Venice, from 1541.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Helyot, Ordres monasEiques, iv. 71 sqq.; Heimbueher, Orders and Kongregationen, iii. 258-269 (with very full literature); Ranks, Popes, i. 131-133; The Vita of Gaetano, by A. Caracciolo, Cologne, 1612, and Caracciolo's Vita Pauli IV., ib. 1612; R. de Maulde de la Claviers, Saint Gaetan (11,80-16/,7), Paris, 1902.

THEBAN LEGION: The theme of a legend centering about the town of St. Maurice (31 m. e. of Geneva), in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, but found also elsewhere in Switzerland, in Italy, and on the lower Rhine. In its oldest and simplest form, according to a passio attributed to Eucherius, bishop of Lyons (q.v.), the Emperor Maximian (285-310) had under his command a legion called the Theban, consisting of 6,600 men sent from the East. They were all Christians and refused to obey the imperial command to take part in the persecution of their fellow Christians. Maximian, . then encamped at Octodurum (Martigny at the foot of the Great St. Bernard), twice had the legion decimated, and when the survivors at the exhortation of their leader Maurice (Mauritius) remained steadfast, had all put to death. Among the martyrs is placed St. Gereon, in whose honor a church existed at Cologne in the seventh century. Later versions of the legend simply add details.