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king of Chalcia when he was given the tetrarchies of his father. The New Testament registers the popular disregard of these official distinctions; in Matt. ii. 22, Archelaus is " king " instead of his father, and Matt. xiv. 9, as contrasted with xiv. 1, and Mark vi. 14 sqq. term Herod Antipas " king." Only Luke observes the exact nomenclature (Luke iii. 1, 19, ix. 7; Acts siii. 1).

(E. vorr DOBaCH>)TZ.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. M. Ramsay, The Church in the Roman Empire, pp. 41, 45, 55, London and New York, 1893; S. Mathews, Hiat. of N. T. Times in Palestine, pp. 14514E;, New York, 1899, 2d ed., 1910; Schiirer, Geschichte, i. 423-424, ii. 197, iii. 77-78, Eng. transl., L, ii. 7-8; DB, iv. 725-726; EB, iv. 4978; JE, xii. 120; DCG, ii. 717.

TETZEL, JOHANN: b. at Leipsic between 1450 and 1460; d. there in July, 1519. He studied theology and philosophy at the university of his native city, entered the Dominican order in 1489, achieved some success as a preacher, and was in 1502 commissioned by the pope to preach the jubilee indulgence, which he did throughout his life. In 1509 he was made inquisitor, and in 1517 Leo X. made him commissioner of indulgences for all Germany. He acquired the degree of licentiate of theology in the University of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1517, and that of doctor of theology, 1518, by defending, in two disputations, the doctrine of indulgences against Luther. The impudence with which he sold full forgiveness for sins not yet committed, caused great scandal; and when Luther in the confessional became aware of the evil effect of his doings, he began to preach openly against him. He was also condemned (though later pardoned) for immorality. It became necessary to disavow Tetzel; and, when he discovered that Miltitz was aware of all his frauds and embezzlements, he withdrew, frightened, into the Dominican monastery in Leipsic. He died at the time of the Leipsic disputation in 1519. In C. H. H. Wright and Charles Neil's Protestant Dictionary (London, 1904), pp. 294 sqq., is a facsimile of a Tetzel indulgence.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: G. Hecht, Vita J. Tetzeli, Wittenberg, 1717 (Protestant); J. Vogel, Leben des . . Tetzel, 2d ed., Leipsic, 1721 (Protestant); F. G. Hofmann, Lebensbeschreibung des Ablasspredigers Tetzel, Leipsie, 1844 (Protestant); V. GrSne, Tetzel cared Luther, oder Lebeusgeschichte and RechtferEigung des ... Johann Tetzel, 2d ed., Munster, 1860 (Roman Catholic); Kayser, Geschichtsquellen fiber den Ablassprediger Tetzel, Annaberg, 1877; F. Korner, Tetzel der Ablassprediger, Frankenberg, 1880 (Protestant); E. Kolbe, Johann Tetzel, Steyl, 1882 (Roman Catholic); K. W. Herrmann, Johann Tetzel, 2d ed., Frankfort, 1883 (Roman Catholic); G. A. Meijer, Johann TeEzel, Utrecht, 1885 (Roman Catholic); G. Kawerau, Sobaltl das Geld im Kasten kliregt, Barmen, 1890 (Protestant); J. B. Rohm, Zur Tetzel-Lepende, Hildesheim, 1890; P. Majunke, Johann TeEzel, der Ablasaprediger, Erfurt, 1899; U. Paulus, Johann Tetzel, der Ablassprediper, Mainz, 1899; J. Janssen, Hist. of the German People, iii. 89 sqq., St. Louis, 1900 (Roman Catholic); Cambridge Modern History, ii. 121, 130, 134, 204, New York, 1904; Schaff, Christian Church, vi. 151-155 et passim, and, in general, literature on Martin Luther and on the beginnings of the Reformation.

TEUTONIC ORDER (Domus Hospitalis S. Mariae Theutonicorum in Jerusalem). An order originally of the hospitaler type and later chivalric, subsequent in origin to the Knights of St. John and the Templara and probably not inferior to them in lasting importance. It differed from these two orders in

that it was purely German. The beginning of the order is to be discerned in a field hospital which was established during the siege of Acre, begun in Aug., 1189, which, after the conclusion of the siege, was transferred to the imperial chaplain Konrad and the chamberlain Burkhard; these with others united to form a fraternity after the rule of the Knights of St. John and named it the " Hospital of St. Mary of the Germans in Jerusalem." In its origin, therefore, the order was purely a brotherhood for the care of the sick, at the head of which stood an ecclesiastic, the above-mentioned Chaplain Konrad, who appears in a document of 1191 as Prceceptor hospitalis Alemtxnnarum. After the conquest of Acre in July, 1191, the brotherhood erected there a hospital and a church.

Clement TIT. in 1191 and Celestine TIT. in 1196 gave formal sanction to the order, which found powerful protectors in Duke Frederick of Swabia and the Emperor Henry VI. From the latter it received, in 1197, a hospital at Barletta, its first possession in the West, and the wealthy monastery of the Holy Trinity at Palermo. The favor of the emperor proceeded largely from his desire to make the order an instrument for the prosecution of his plans in Europe, and this led to the assumption of the military character. In 1198 the brotherhood made military service according to the rules of the Templars a part of its work, and a knight was chosen as the first grand master. Confirmation by Innocent III. followed in Feb., 1199. The insignia of the order was a white mantle with a black cross potent. Though progress under the first grand masters was not rapid, the order gained a foothold in Germany, where a number of hospitals at Halle, Coblenz, Nuremberg, and other places came into its possession. The oldest province was Thuringia; the province of Austria was created in 1203. The Emperor Frederick IT. and Pope Honorius III. gave the knights their protection, and the latter, in a bull of Jan., 1221, placed the order on an equal footing with the Knights of St. John and the Templars.

Under its fourth grand master, Hermann of Salza (1210-39), the order entered upon a rapid development. In his time occurred the most important event in the history of the order, its establishment in Prussia. The planting of Christianity in that region had been effected after many attempts by Christian, a Cistercian monk of Oliva, who, in 1212, was made bishop of Prussia. A pagan reaction in the country induced Bishop Christian to ask aid of the Teutonic Order, which received from pope and emperor the promise of the absolute possession of all the lands it might conquer. In the spring of 1230 an army of the order entered Masovia. The cities of Kulm, Thorn, and Marienwerder were founded and the conquest of Prussia proper was begun. Reenforcements poured in from Germany, where the crusade against the heathens was being preached and there resulted the steady acquisition of the Prussian territory, the possession of which was secured by the erection of castles and the establishment of cities. By 1283 the power of the order was definitely established. As early as 1237 the Teutonic Order had succeeded in achieving