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Templare THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 292 Temples pope abrogated the order by right of his absolute power and as a prudential measure for the general good, assigning its possession to the Knights of St. John, the official orders to this effect Final being the bulls of Mar. 22, and May 2, Dissolution. 1312. In France and in England the property of the order enriched the king and government. Dionysius of Portugal, a friend of the Templars, founded the Order of Christ, to which the possessions of the Templars were made over while the Portuguese Templars joined the new order. The grand master, with other high officers, was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment; but he declared that the charges were false, and so he and Godfrey de Charney, the French inspector, were burned at the stake Mar. 11, 1314, still affirming the order's innocence. The motive for the annihilation of the order was twofold; the French king's avarice, and his desire to crush the powerful organization of the Templars within the kingdom. He took advantage of Clem ent's weakness and of episcopal jealousy of the order. The general guilt and sacrilege charged to the Tem plars as a whole are incredible, and their downfall is the result of shameless violence on the part of the despotic Philip V. G. GRtJTZMACHER. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Original documents are given in Reich, Documents, pp. 196-197, 311-313; and Thatcher and McNeal, Documents, pp. 492-496. For other basic ma terial consult: D. Wilkins, Corcilia Magrae Britannia: et Hibernice, ii. 313 sqq., London, 1727; F. J. M. Ray nouard, Morumers historiques relatifs k la eoradamnation des chevaliers du Temple, Paris, 1813; C. Maillard de Chambure, Reples et statute secret des Templiers, ib. 1840; Documents Illustrative of English Hist. it the 13th and 14th Centuries, ed. H. Cole, pp. 139-230, London, 1844; W. Dugdale, Morasticon Anplicarum, new ed., by J. Caley. H. Elks, and B. Bandinel, vi. 813-854, 6 vole., ib. 1846; J. Delaville Is Rouix, Documents corcernanE lee Templiers, Paris, 1882 R. V. Taylor, in Journal of the Yorkshire Archeological and Topographical Association, vii. 429-452, viii. 259-299, ix. 71-98, London, 188286; H. de CurGon, R~ple du Temple, Paris, 1886; A. KnSpfier, in Histor6sches Jahrbuch den GorresDesellschaft, 1887, pp. 666 sqq. (best edition of the earliest " rule "); J. Gmelin, Die Regal des Tempelorders, in Mittheilurger des Institute fur 6sterreichische Geschichtsforschurg, xiv (1893), 193 236. Consult further: D. G. bloldenhauer, Prozesa gegen den Order den Tempelherren, Hamburg, 1792; J. Michelet, Prods des Templiers, 2 vole., Paris, 1841-51; W. Have mann, Gesclaichte des Ausganps des Templerorders, Stutt gart, 1846; C. G. Addison, Hist. of the Knights Templars, 3d ed., London, 1852 (still the best in English); F. Wilke, Geschichte des Orders den Tempelherrer, 2 vole., 2d ed., Halle, 1860; E. Boutarie, La France sous Philippe le Bel, Paris, 1861; J. Kenrick, A Selection of Papers or Archeol ogy and Hist., pp. 1-68, London, 1864 J. Loiscleur, La Doctrine secrete des Templiers, Orleans, 1872; F. C. Wood house, The Military Religious Orders of the Middle Ages, London, 1879; M. Bruguera, Historic de la Order de Zos Caballeros de Temple, vol. 1, Barcelona, 1882; F. Jacquot, Defense des Templiers contra Is routine des historians, Paris, 1882; H. Hagenmeyer, Le Prods des Templiers, ib. 1885; B. Jungmann, Dissertatiores select, vi. 79-149, Regens burg, 1886; G. Lambent, Templars. A Short Paper or the Order, London, 1887; H. G. Prutz, Malteser Urkunden zur Geschichte den Tempelherren, Munich, 1883; idem, Geschichte des Tempedherrerorders, Konigsberg, 1887; idem, Ertwicklurg urd Urtergarg des Tempelherrerordens, Berlin, 1888; idem, Die peistliche Ritterorder, ib. 1908; K. Schottmueller, Der Untergarg des Templerordera, 2
vole., Berlin, 1887; J. Y. A. Morllhead, The Templars' Trials, London, 1888; F. Naef, Recherches sun lee opinions relipieuses des Templiers, Nimes, 1890; J. J. I. von D51linger, Akademische Vortrage, iii. 245 sqq., Munich, 1891; J. A. Fronde, The Spanish Story of the Armada, pp. 250310, new ed., London, 1892; J. Gmelin, Schuld oder Ursehuld des Templerordens, Stuttgart, 1893; A. Grange, in Dublin Review, 1895, pp. 329-346; J. Miret y Sans, Cartaral dale Templera de lee Comardes de Garden y Barbers, Barcelona, 1899; G. Salvemini, Studi storici. L'Abolizione dell'Ordire dei Templari, Firenze, 1901; L. Keller, Die Tempelherrn urd die Freimaurer, Berlin, 1905; H. C. Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, i. 16, iii. passim (consult Index), New York, 1906; H. Fluke, Papsttum and Unlergang des Tempelorders, 2 vole., Miinster, 1907 (contains new documents from Spain); C. Perkins, in American Historical Review, Jan., 1910; Bower, Popes, iii. 66 sqq.; and literature under CLEMENT V.; and PHILIP IV.
TEMPLE, FREDERICK: Archbishop of Canterbury; b. at Leukas, in Santa Mauna (one of the Ionian Islands), Nov. 30, 1821; d. in London Dec. 23, 1902. He studied at Blundell's School, Tiverton, and at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1842; M.A., 1846; B.D., 1858). He was made fellow of his college and tutor in mathematics 1842, ordained deacon 1846, and priest 1847. He became principal of Kneller Hall Training College, near Twickenham, in 1848, government inspector of schools in 1855, headmaster of Rugby in 1858, and about the same time chaplain to Queen Victoria. Under his administration Rugby regained much of the prestige which the school had enjoyed under Thomas Arnold. In 1860 he acquired a reputation for rationalism by contributing an essay on The Edueation of the World to the famous Essays arid Reviews (q.v.). The suspicion of heterodoxy clung to him, and when Gladstone, whose Irish disestablishment measure he had supported, offered him the bishopric of Exeter, in 1869, a strong protest was made against the appointment. He was consecrated Dec. 21, 1869, was translated to the see of London in 1885, and was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1896. By the firmness and justice of .his rule as bishop and archbishop he completely overcame the early prejudices against him. One of his last official acts was the crowning of Edward VII. Aug. 9, 1902. Besides the essay already referred to, single sermons, and addresses, he published Sermons Preached in Rugby School Chapel (3 series, London, 1861-71); The Relations between Religion and Science (1884), the Bampton lectures for 1884; Responsio archiepiseoporum Anglice ad litteras apostolicas Leo3Cis Papee Xlll. (1897; Eng., French, and Gk. transls., 1897), an able reply by Temple and W. D. Maclagan, archbishop of York, to a papal encyclical denying the validity of Anglican orders; and Helps to Godly Living (ed. J. H. Burn, 1898), being extracts from various sermons.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Memoirs of Archbishop Temple, by seven Friends, ed. E. G. Sandford, 2 vole., London, 1906; W. F. Aitken, Frederick Temple, ib. 1901; C. H. Dart, Archbishop Temple, ib. 1903 (popular); F. J. Snell, Early Associations of Archbishop Temple, ib. 1904; F. E. Kitchener Rugby Memoir of Archbishop Temple, 18699, ib. 1907; E. G. Sandford, The Exeter Episcopate of Archbishop Tem. ple, ib. 1907; literature under EBBAYB AND REVIEWS.
