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280 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Teellinek Tell®r secondly, if such evidence is forthcoming, this is referred to intelligence. C. A. BECgWITH. BIBLIOGRAPHY: J: MeCosh and G. Dickie, Typical Forma and Special Ends in Creation, Edinburgh, 1855; J. Froh schammer, User die AufDabe der Naturphsloaophie, Munich, 1881; P. Wetzel, Der Zweckbeprif bei Spinoza , Leipeic, 1873; A. Stadler, Karats Teleologic, ib. 1874; P. Janet, Les Causes finales, Paris, 1878, Eng. transl., Final Causes, 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1883; R. Schellwien, Daa Gesetz der Kausalil&t in der Natur, Berlin, 1878; E. F. W. Pfliiger, Die Teleolopiache Mechanik der lebendipen Natur, Bonn, 1877; F. V. Baerenbaeh, Gedanken caber die Teleo Zopie in der Natur, Leipsic, 1878; G. J. Romance, Candid Examination of Theism, London, 1878; A. Mi1hry, Kritik and kurzc Darlegunp der exacten Naturphiloaophie, 5th ed., GSttingea, 1882; W. B. Carpenter, in Modern Re view, 1884; P. F. Fitzgerald, A Treatise on the Principle of Sufficient Reason, London, 1887; E. Domet de Vorges, Cause efficiente et cause finale, Paris, 1889; R. Flint. The ism, 7th ed., London, 1889; B. Liebermann, Der Zweck bepriff bei TrettdelenburD, Meiningen, 1889; F. Erhardt, Mechanismus and Teleologic: cane Abhandlunp abet die Principien der Naturforachung, Leipsie, 1890; W. M. W. Call, Final Causes: a Refutation, London, 1891; A. Kohl sehmidt, Karat's Stellung zur Teleolopie and Physikothe ologie, Jena, 1894; J. Stier, Theiamua and NaturJorachung in ihrem Verhhltnis zur Teleologie, Frankfort, 1898; E. Haughton, The Evidence of Design in the Constitution of Nature, London, 1897; C. Broekdorff, Kant* TeleoZopie, Kiel, 1898; N. Kaufmann, Philosophic naturelle d'Aris tote: etude de cause finale, Paris, 1898; P. N. Cosamann, Elemente der empirischen Teleolopie, Stuttgart, 1899; E. Ebrillard. Etudes philosophiques scar lea causes premikrea et 7es causes finales, Paris, 1900; E. Ferribre, La Cause premiere d'apres lee donnkes expfrimentales, ib. 1900; J. M. Baldwin, Development and Evolution, New York, 1902; S. Prudhomme and C. Richet, Le Problarne des causes finales, Paris, 1902; J. B. Pettigrew, Design in Nature, New York, 1908; A. R. Wallace, The World of Life, ib.,1911. TELESPHORUS, tel"es'fer-us: Pope 127-137. Irenxus (Hcer., III., iii. 3, ANF, i. 416), followed by Eusebius (Hist. eccl., IV., x., NPNF, 2 set., i. 182), states that he was a martyr; but Eusebiua contradicts himself as to the year of Telesphorus' death, saying in his Hist. eccl. (cat sup.) that it was in the first year of Antoninus Picas (138), and in his " Chronicle " putting it in the eighteenth year of Hadrian (135). The tradition that this pontiff es tablished the forty days of Lenten fasting and the celebration of the midnight Christmas mesa is erro neous. See LITURGICS, III, § 2. (A. HAUCK.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen, is MGH, Gest. poet. Rom., i (1898). 12; Jaff6, Repeats, p. 8; R. A. Lipsius, ChronoloDie der romiachen BiachBfe, pp. 170, 184, 190, Kiel, 1889; J. Langen, Geachichte der rhmiachcn Kirche, i. 103 sqq., Bonn, 1881; Harnaek, LiEEeratur, ii. 1, p. 144; Bower, Popes, i. 11; Platina, Popes, i. 24-25. TELFORD, JOHN: English Wesleyan; b. at Wig ton (11 m. s.w. of Carlisle), Cumberland, Oct. 5, 1851. He was educated at Didsbury College, Man chester, and at London University, and, after hold ing various pastorates and being, in 1904, one of the secretaries of the committee which prepared the Methodist Hymn Book, he became, in 1905, editor for the Wesleyan Methodist Connection. He is also editor of the Wesleyan Methodist Magazine and of the London Quarterly Review. Among his numer ous publications mention may be made of his Life of Charles Wesley (London, 1886), Life of John Wesley (1886), Two West-End Chapels: or, Sketches of London Methodism from Wesley's Day (1886), The Story of Moses and Joshua: Its Lessons for To Day (1893), Makers of our Missions (1895), Women in the Mission Field (1895), History of Lay Preaeh XL-19

ing in the Christian Church (1897), Story of the Upper Room (1905),. A Sect that moved the World: Three Generations of Clapham Saints and Philanthropists (1907), Man's Partnership with Divine Providence (1908), and The Life of James Harrison Rigg (1909).

TELLER, ROMANUS: German Lutheran; b. at Leipaic Feb. 21, 1703; d. there Apr. 5; 1750. He was educated at the university of his native city (1719-23), and in 1723 was appointed catechist at the Peterskirehe in Leipsic. In 1730 he was called to Merseburg, but in the following year returned to the Peterakirche as preacher and first catechist, in 1737 becoming subdeacon at St. Thomas's. He was made deacon there in 1739, wnd, after again officiating at the Peterskirche after 1740, was chosen pastor of the Thomaskirche in 1745. Meanwhile he was also active in academic circles. He had been appointed associate professor of theology in 1738, and had advanced to a full professorship in 1740; while in 1745 he was made a canon, and in 1748 assessor of the consistory. He is beat known for his " English Bible," bearing the title Die heilige Schrift . .

nebst einer vollstaEndigen ErklCirung derselben, welche ales den auserlesensten Anmerkungen verschiedener engldlndischer Schriftsteller zusammengetragen and zuerst in franz6sischer Spraehe an das Licht gestellt (19 vole., Leipsic, 1749-?0), a work of distinctly Reformed tendency, but of which Teller himself was able to edit only two volumes.

(P. WOLFF.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A " programm " of the University of Leipeie, Memories TeLlerd, is given by J. E. Kapp in Actia hictortco-eeclesiaat%cia, ii. 377, Weimar, 1747. A number of references to biographical lexicons and similar works is given in Hauck-Herzog, RE, ais. 475.

TELLER, WILHELM ABRAHAM: German Lutheran and rationalist; b. at Leipsic Jan. 9, 1734; d. at Berlin Dec. 8, 1804. He was educated at the university of his native city (1749-53), and was Sunday evening preacher at the university church (1753-55), catechist at the Peterskirche (1755-60), and Sunday evening preacher at the hjicholaikirche (17601). He had published several studies in textual criticism and had already manifested a rationalistic tendency when, in 1761, he was called to Helmstedt as professor of theology, pastor, and general superintendent. He now drew a distinction merely of degree between the Biblical writers and profane poets, denied verbal inspiration, and posited a twofold inspiration of matter and words, dividing the former into dogmatic, prophetic, and historical. His reputation as a leader of the Enlightenment was won by his Lehrbuch, des christlichen Glaubens (Helmstedt, 1764), in which he prepared the way for rationalistic dogmatics. He laid great stress on method and maintained that divine revelation was intelligible to man, so that forced theological interpretations were to be rejected. He accordingly contrasted the " simple " Gospel with the teachings of the Church, and, manifesting marked Socinian influence, he referred the doctrine of God and divine perfection to natural religion, treated justification somewhat synergistically, refused to discuss the twofold nature of Christ, and ignored the doctrines of the Trinity and original sin. The book evoked a storm of disap-