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being his Spirit Doctrine; first complete Translation by Rev. W. Elliott, Washington, D. C., 1911. Consult J. Qu_tif and J. Echard, Scriptures ordinis pradicatorum, i. 677 aqq., Paris, 1719; R. Hoffmann, Johann Tauter, Rixdorf, 1833; C. Schmidt, Johann Tauter, Hamburg, 1841; idem, Die Gottesfreunde i-m 14. Jahrhundert, ib. 1854; A. G. Rudelbach, Christliche Biographic, pp. 187 aqq., Leipsic, 1849; F. Bahring, Johann Tauter and die GoEtesfreurule, Hamburg, 1853; W. Edel, Tauter, Strasburg, 1853; HisE. and Life of Rev. Doctor John Tauter . . ; Transl. with. twenty-five of his Sermons from the German with additional Notices of Tauler's Life and Times, by Susanna Winkworth . . and a Preface by C. Kingsley, London, 1857, new ed., New York, 1907; E. 136hmer, Nicolaus von Basel and Tauter, in Damaris, 1865, pp. 148 sqq.; W. Preger, in ZHT, 1889, pp. 109 sqq.; idem, in the Abhandlungen of the Bavarian Academy, xiv. 1; idem, Geschichte der deutschen Myatik int Mittelalter, part III., Leipsic, 1893; idem, in ADB, xxxvii. 453-465; O. Billhorn, Tauleri vita et doctrena, Jena, 1874; Nieolaus von Basel, Bericht von der Bekehrung Taulers, ed. C. Schmidt, Strasburg, 1875; J. Nobbe, in Zeilschrift jiir lutherische Theolepie, 1876, pp. 637-883; H. S. Denifle, in Historisch-politische Blalter, lxxv (1875), 18 sqq.; idem, Taulers Bekehrunp kritisch untersucht, Strasburg, 1879; idem, in ZeitschriJt fur deutsches Altertum, xxiv. 200 sqq., 280 sqq., xxv. 101 sqq.; M. Jundt, Les Amis de Dieu au 1¢, si&le, Paris, 1879; idem, Rulman Merswin et L'ami de Dieu de fOberland, ib. 1890; P. Strauch, Marparetha Ebner, Tubingen, 1882; M. Arnold, in Nineteenth Century, xxi (1887), 499-506; F. A. Bevan, Three Friends of God, London, 1887; J. E. Erdmann, Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophic, i. 504 sqq., 4th ed., 1896, Eng transl, of earlier ed., London, 1893; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 2, pp. 256 aqq., and literature under FRIENDS OF GOD. A new ed. of his Prediglen, ed. F. Velter, appeared Berlin, 1909.

TAUSEN, HAMS: Danish Reformer; b. in the village of Birkende on the island of Filnen, 1494; d. at Ribe (154 m. w.s.w. of Copenhagen) Nov. 11, 1561. He received his early education at the schools of Odense in Fiinen, and Slagelse in Zealand, and in the monastery of the Knights of St. John near Slagelse. In 1516 he entered the University of Rostock, where he lectured in 1520; from 1520 to 1521 he probably studied in Louvain and Cologne, and in October, 1521, he was called home to lecture at the University of Copenhagen. In 1523 he entered the University of Wittenberg and heard Luther, but because of his enthusiasm for the Reformation was recalled. Having advocated the doctrine of justification by faith in one of his sermons, he was imprisoned in a monastery and subsequently sent to Viborg in Jutland where the prior of the monastery of the Knights of St. John vainly endeavored to win him back to the old faith. Tausen was protected by Peder Trane, the burgomaster of Viborg, while Jakob Skjonning, rector of the school and ' priest of the Church of St. John, yielded his pulpit to Tausen; the crowds which soon assembled compelled him to hold services in the open air; later the citizens of Viborg, embittered by the resistance of the clergy, broke open the Franciscan church, and Tausen preached there twice every Sunday afternoon and introduced singing in the Danish tongue. On the arrival of King Frederic I. at Aalborg in 1526, Tausen induced him to issue a letter of protection. An armed assault by the Roman Catholic bishops in Jiitland evoked the protection of the people, and the Reformation in Viborg began to make progress. In 1528 Tausen published a baptismal formula for Evangelical church services. From Viborg the Reformation spread to other cities of Northern Jutland. Tausen became pastor of the

Franciscan church, but in 1529 went to Copenhagen, where his sermons had the same effect as in Viborg. At the diet of 1530 held at Copenhagen, under the leadership of Tausen, there was laid before the as sembly a confession of faith, " the forty-three arti cles of Copenhagen," an independent counterpart of the Augsburg Confession, and on July 14, 1530, freedom was granted for Evangelical preaching. Tausen defended his Evangelical doctrine in a learned work which in Dec., 1530, was submitted to the council of the empire and printed six months later. In Copenhagen also the reformatory move ment was the occasion of violent disturbances. On Dec. 27 the citizens, headed by their burgomaster, invaded the Church of Our Lady and there demol ished pictures and relics. Tausen, naturally con servative, disapproved of this iconoclasm and prac tised moderation in regard to the old usages of the Church. Nevertheless, the hatred against him in creased, and on the death of Frederic I. in 1533 his position was very insecure. He was accused at the diet in 1533, but was allowed to continue his activ ity. He took part in the compilation of the Danish church ordinance of 1537 and in the same year be came lector in Hebrew at the university. In 1542 he was consecrated bishop of Ribe. Under the Evangelical Christian III., Tausen continued his work unhindered. He translated the Pentateuch into Danish (Magdeburg, 1535), and edited a Da nish liturgy and a collection of sermons on the Gos pels and epistles (1535). In 1543 Christian III. granted him a privilege for twenty years to furnish a Danish translation of the whole Bible as continua tion of the five books of Moses, but Tausen was not able to carry out this plan. He was also a com poser of hymns. (F. NIELBENt.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A selection from Tausen's smaller works was edited by H. J. RSrdam, Copenhagen, 1870. Consult: F. Wedel, in ThT, vole. vi.-vii., 1888-89; D. Schafer, Geschichts von D&nemark, vol. iv., Goths, 1893; L. Schmitt, Johann Tauaer, oder der drlnische Luther, Cologne. 1894 (Roman Catholic).

TAVERNER BIBLE. See BIBLE VERSIONS, B, IV., § 4.

TAVERNER, RICHARD: Translator of the English Bible; b. at Brisley (20 m. n.w. of Norwich), England, 1505; d. at Wood Eaton (4 m. n. of Oxford) July 14, 1575. He studied first at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and then at Cardinal College, Oxford (B.A., 1527; then M.A., Cambridge, 1530). After teaching at Cambridge and studying abroad, he began to study law in 1533, and in 1536 he became, at Cromwell's recommendation, clerk of the privy seal; he was licensed to preach, 1552; served as justice of the peace, 1558; and as high sheriff of Oxfordshire, 1569. He published the following translations: The Flowers of Services Gathered out of Sundry Writers by Erasmus in Latine (London, 1547); also from Erasmus A Ryght Frute full Epystle . . . in Laude of Matrymony (1530?); and The Confessyon of the Fayth of the Germanes (1536). He was the author of The Garden of Wysedome Conteynyng Pleasant Floures, that is to Saye, Propre and Quycke Sayinges of Princes, Philosophers and other Sortes of Men . . . 2 pts. (1539). He is remembered for his edition of the English Bible