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275 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tate Tamer tion. The means of creation was the dynamic logike (" power expressed in words "). At first there pro ceeded from God the Logos who, generated in the beginning, was to produce the world by creating matter from which the whole creation sprang. Creation is penetrated by the pneuma hylikon,, " world spirit," which is common to angels, stars, men, animals, and plants. This world spirit is lower than the divine pneuma, and becomes in man the psyche or " soul," so that on the material side and in his soul man does not differ essentially from the animals; though at the same time he is called to a peculiar union with the divine spirit, which raises him above the animals. This spirit is the image of God in man, and to it man's immortality is due. The first-born of the spirits fell and caused others to fall, and thus the demons originated. The fall of the spirits was brought about through their desire to separate man from God, in order that he might serve not God but them. Man, however, was im plicated in this fall, lost his blessed abode and his soul was deserted by the divine spirit, and sank into the material sphere, in which only a faint reminis cence of God remained alive. As by freedom man fell, so by freedom he may turn again to God. The Spirit unites with the souls of those who walk up rightly; through the prophets he reminds men of their lost likeness to God. Although Tatian does not mention the name of Jesus, his doctrine of redemp tion culminates in his Christology. Other (lost) writings of Tatian are a work written before the " Address to the Greeks " and treating the nature of man as contrasted with the nature of the animals, and a Problematon biblion, which aimed to present a compilation of obscure Scripture sayings. (E. PREUSCHEN.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: On Tatian: H. A. Daniel, Tatianus der Apologet, Halle, 1837; J. Donaldson, Critical Hist. Of Christian Literature and Doctrine, iii. 3 sqq., Oxford. 1868; A. Hilgenfeld, Ketzergeschichte des Urchristentums, pp. 384 sqq., Leipsic, 1884; T. Zahn. in Forschungen zur Geschichte des neutesEamentlichen Kanons, i. 268 sqq., Erlangen, 1881; Harnack, in TU, ii. 1-2 (1886); idem, Litteratur, i. 485 sqq., ii. 1, pp. 284 aqq.; idem, in Encyclopa?dia Britannica, 9th. ed., xxiii. 80 sqq., cf. K. Lake, in 11th ed., xxvi. 450 451; F. R. Wynne, J. H. Bernard, and S. Hemphill, Lit erature of the Second Century, London, 1881; F. X. Funk, Kirchengeschichtliche Abhandlungen, ii. 142 aqq., Pader born. 1899; O. Bardenhewer, Geschichte der altkirch Zichen Literatur, i. 242 sqq., Freiburg, 1902; Kriiger, History, pp. 117-121; DCB, iv. 783-803; KL, xi. 1233 sqq. Editions of the " Address " are: the editio princepa by Frisius and Gessner, Zurich, 1548; by J. C. T. Otto, in Corpus apologetarum Christianorum, vol. vi., Jena, 1851; and the independent one by E. Schwartz, in T U, iv. 1 (1888). There is an Eng. tranal. in ANF, ii. 65-83. For discussions, besides the introductions to the editions and in the treatment of Tatian a life and work, consult: C. E. Freppel, Les Apolopistes ehr6tiens au ii. siacle, Paris, 1860; B. Aube, De L'apolog6tique ehretienne au 2. aQele, ib. 1861; H. Dembowski, Die Quellen der christlichen Apologetik, part i., Leipsic, 1878 W. Steuer, Die Gottes- wad Logos lehre des Tatians, ib. 1893; B. Ponsehab, Tatians Rede an die Grieehen, Metten, 1895; R. C. Kukula, Tatians soge nanate Apologie, Leipsic, 1900; J. Drsseke, in ZWT, xliii (1900), 603 sqq.; H. U. Meyboom, in ThT, xxxvii (1903), 440 sqq. For the Diatessaron it is to be noted that all earlier works are discounted by the careful reconstruction by T. Zahn, in Forschungen xur Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, vol. i., Erlangen, 1881, of. ii. 288 sqq., and also Zahn's Geschichte des neutestamerulichen Kanores, ii. 2, pp. 530 sqq., Leipsic, 1891. The fragments found in later writers have been collected by H. Goueeen, in Studio theo-
logica, vol. i_ Leipsic, 1895, and by J. R. Harris, Frapmenta of the Commentary of Ephrem Syrus upon the Diateasaron, London, 1895. The Arabic working over was issued by A. Ciasea, Tatiani Evangelic harmonicas Arabice, Rome, 1888 (with a Latin transl., which is rendered into English, with an introduction by J. H. Hill, The Earliest Life of Christ ever Compiled from the Gospels, Being the Diateasaron o,/ Tatian, Edinburgh, 1894, 2d ed., 1910, and an Eng. transl. of the Arabic is furnished in ANF, ix. 9-138; all of these are provided with critical apparatus). The Codex Fuldensis was edited by E. Ranks, Marburg, 1868. The early German version has been edited by J. A. Schmeller, Vienna, 1841, and by E. Sievers, Paderborn, 1892. Discussions other than those above indicated are: A. Harnack, in ZKG, iv (1881)y 471-505; J. P. P. .Martin, in Revue des questions historiquea, xxziii (1883), 349 sqq., xliv (1888), 5 eqq.; S. Hemphill, The Diatessaron of Tatian, London, 1888; J. R. Harris, The Diateasaron of Tatian, ib. 1890; idem, in Contemporary Review, 1893, pp. 800 sqq.; M. Maher. Recent Evidence for the Authenticity of the Gospels; Tatian's Diateasaron, ib. 1893; B. W. Bacon, in AJT, 1900, pp. 770 aqq.; C. H. Turner, in Journal of Theological Studies, iii (1902), 110 eqq.; F. C. Burkitt, Early Eastern Chria6ianity, London, 1904; A. Hobson, The Diatessaron of Tatian and the Synoptic Problem. Chicago, 1904; K. Lake, in Expository Times, 1908, p. 286. See also Hwxnrtorrf OP' Tim GOBPDLa.
TATTAM, HENRY: Orientalist; b. in Ireland Dec. 28, 1789; d. at Stanford Rivers (7 m. n.e. of Charing Cross, London) Jan. 8, 1868. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and at the universities of Gottingen and Leyden; held the benefices of St. Cuthbert's, Bedford, 1822-19, and of Great Woolstone, near Newpont Pagnell, 183119. He was archdeacon of Bedford, 1845-66, and from 1849 till his death, rector of Stanford Rivers, and also chaplain-in-ordinary to the queen. His fame rests upon his labors on Coptic, in which he was an authority. He discovered in the Nitrian convent, and secured for the British Museum, a splendid collection of ancient Syriac manuscripts. He edited in Arabic and Coptic the Gospels (London, 1829); the Coptic Apostolic Constitutions (1848; with English translation); the Book of Job (1846; with translation); the minor and major prophets (1836-52; with Latin translation); and the New Testament in Coptic and Arabic (1847); and he was the author of A Compendious Grammar of the Egyptian Language as Contained in the Coptic and Sahidic Dialects, with Observations on, the Bashmurie . . . 3 pts. (1830); and Lexicon, fEgyptiaco-Latinum, ex veteri.bus linguce lEgyptiacte mortumentis, et ex operibus La Crozii, Woidii . . . congestum (Oxford, 1835).
TAULER, tnu'ler, JOHANN: Dominican mystic
(see FRIENDS OF GOD); b. at Strasburg about 1300;
d. there June 16, 1361. More would be known of
the circumstances of his life, if the
Life. " master of the Holy Scriptures " ap
pearing in the " Meisterbuch of the
Great Friend from God of the Highlands " (issued
by C. Schmidt under the title, Nicolaus von Basel
Bericht von der Bekehrung Taulers, Strasburg, 1875)
of Rulman Merswin (see FRIENDS CF GOD) could be
identified with Tauler. This was long assumed, but
conclusively disproved by H. S. Denifle (Taulers
Bekehrung, Strasburg, 1879). Attracted by the
ascetic life of the Dominicans, Tauter joined that
order at Strasburg at an early age. It is not im
possible that during his eight years of study there
he heard Moister Eckhart (q.v.) preach, whose stay
