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THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG while his son and successor, Jazzar Pasha, ruled from Baalbek to CLEsarea. In 1832, however, Ibra him Pasha, son of Mohammed Ali of Egypt, aided by the Druse prince, took Acre and Damascus and defeated the Turks at Homs and Bailan, although the European powers secured a .peace favorable to Turkey. A rebellion broke out against the Egyp tians in 1834, and though at first Ibrahim was suc cessful, he was finally defeated by an Anglo-Austrian force. Another anti-Egyptian revolt broke out in Lebanon in 1840, and the same European allies restored Syria to the Turkish dominions. After the Arab conquest of 635 the position of the Christians was generally not unfavorable, although they were persecuted by the Fatamid Hakim bi-Amrillah and by Timur. The Turks sought to mediate between the different Christian sects, but in 1860 European interference in Syrian affairs, combined with the Indian Mutiny, led to a Christian massacre by Druses and Turkish soldiers, the result being a punitive expedition of the French against the Druses. (G. BEER.)
IV. Population: The population of Syria, which here includes the five governmental divisions of Aleppo, Beirut, The Lebanon, Damascus, and Jerusalem, was estimated in 1905 to be between three and three and a quarter millions; about 700,000 of these are in Palestine.
Mutessarifat of
Jerusalem.251,332
44,389
24,793
401
1,014
179
499
16,039
715
599
39,866 6,051 ALL SnrA308,740 141,%07 45,793 19,s59 17.865 45,805 15,300
304,140 23,815 21,520
Moslems ............... Christians ................ Latins . ............. Maronites. ........ Uniate Greeks . . . . . . . . .Armenians . . . . . . " Chaldeans...... Syrian Jacobites . ... Orthodox Nestorians . . . Orthodox Greeks ....... Gregorian Armenians . . . Protestants . ..
Jews . ... Druses .... Nusairi ... Ismailt . . . . Foreigners
1,865,595978,988
90,382
151,837
119,720
9,000
20,000
13,235,512Of these it may be said that the Druses (q.v.) and Nusairf are semi-pagan; the Bedawin, nominally Moslem, are really ignorant and superstitious deists; the Maronites are devoted adherents of the papacy; the Ismaili are heretical Moslems; while the Greeks, Armenians, and Jacobites are Oriental Christians. The bulk of the population in the cities is Mohammedan, excepting Beirut, of whose population of 140,000 less than one-third are Mohammedans. The northern part of Lebanon is almost exclusively Maronite; the southern portion, south of the Damascus road, being chiefly Druse, with scattering villages of Greeks, Maronites, and Moslems. In Palestine proper the most of the villagers are Moslems, the Greeks and Uniate Greeks being dispersed in northern Palestine and on the plain of Sharon.
V. The Native Oriental Churches: These are the Orthodox Greek, the Maronite, the Uniate Greek, the Jacobite, Armenian, and Uniate Armenian. The Greeks number about 304,000. They are Syrians by birth and descent, and speak only the Arabic language. The doctrines and ritual are the same as in Greece and Russia. They differ from the Roman Church in (1) the calendar, (2) the doctrine concerning the procession of the Holy Spirit, (3) retaining the use of pictures and excluding images from sacred buildings, (4) rejecting of purgatory, (5) retaining communion in both kinds, and (6)- in permitting the marriage of the secular clergy., The church is divided into the, patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem, which, though nominally independent, are really under the control of the primate of Constantinople. The patriarch of Antioch governs the bishoprics, of Beirut, Tripoli, Akkar, Latakia, Hamah, Homs, Saidnaya, and Tyre. The patriarchate of Jerusalem includes Palestine and Perea, and has under it the bishoprics of Nazareth, Akka, Lydda, Gaza, Sebaste, Nablus, Philadelphia, and Petra. Among these the bishop of Akka is the only one who resides in his diocese; all the others live in the convent at Jerusalem. The Greek Church allows the reading of the Scriptures by the people, hence they have become more enlightened than any other of the Syrian sects. The Jacobites (q.v.) use the Syriac language in church services, although it is not understood by the people., Their head is the patriarch of Mardin. Their number is small, chiefly in Sudud, Kuryetein, Horns, Nebk, Damascus, and Aleppo. They are poor and industrious, and receive the Scriptures without opposition. The Maronitcs (q,v.) renounced monothelitism. in 1182, .and submitted to the pope. They are devoted Roman Catholics, and call their part of Lebanon the Holy Mountain. Although adhering to the pope, they still retain many of their former peculiarities. Their ecclesiastical language is Syriac; their patron saint, Maron, is not found in the Roman- calendar; they have their own church establishment, and the people regard their patriarch as not inferior to the pope; and their secular clergy marry. Their convents, numbering nearly 100, own , the best estates in Lebanon, and formerly supported about 2,000 monks and nuns, with a revenue of not less than $350,000. Emigration, has been steadily reducing the numbers of those entering the monasteries and convents. The people are independent, hardy, and industrious, but are left in gross ignorance, illiteracy, and superstition. Their clergy are educated at Ain Werka; and those trfiined in Rome are men of fair learning: but the mass of the priests are lamentably ignorant.
The Roman Catholic schismatic churches which are in connection with the Roman communionGreek, Syrian, and Armenian-sprang from the missionary efforts of Roman Catholic .priests and Jesuits during the past two centuries. The Greeks retain the marriage of the clergy, their Arabic service, oriental calendar, and communion in both kinds. The Armenian population is confined to the vicinity of Antioch and Aleppo, speaking the Turkish and Armenian languages. The Jews of Palestine are foreigners, numbering about 40,000, having come
