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religion." In an appendix to this work, Swedenborg has written on scortatory love and its insane pleasures; showing how these are the very opposite of marriage and destructive of the holy conjugal principles and pointing out their various degrees of destructiveness. While exhorting his reader to seek alone the sacred union of marriage he warns him " to shun wandering lusts as he would the lakes of hell."

In the " Earths in the Universe," the distinguishing qualities of the inhabitants of various planets are discussed, but not, as some have supposed, from any claimed abode in the planets themselves, but from information obtained in the spiritual world from the former inhabitants of these planets.

The True Christian Religion gives the great summary of all the theological doctrines, including chapters on God, on redemption, on reformation, on regeneration, on the sacraments, on the succession of the churches or divine dispensations on the earth, from the most ancient or Adamic through the Noachic, Jewish, and Christian to the New Jerusalem of the Apocalypse; and of the second coming of the Lord in the opening of the internal sense of the Scriptures. The opening chapters on God the Creator, in their discussion of the esse and the existere of God and their respective attributes, handle the profoundest ontological concepts and afford a basis for a philosophy of revelation and of human knowing of the widest scope and validity.

III. Close of Life; Death and Burial: A noteworthy fact connected with Swedenborg's period of illumination is that far from exhibiting any signs of mental aberration during these same years in which he claimed to be in daily intercourse with the inhabitants of the other world, he was living the normal public life of a useful citizen. Rejecting the royal offer of a permanent assessorship in the Board of Mines, and asking to be retired on a half-salary, the board, on his retirement, gave expression to the honor and appreciation in which he was held; his contributions on the mining industry of Sweden were declared to be of the highest practical value, as were his contributions to finance; even so late as 1766 he published in Amsterdam his "New Method of Finding the Longitude of Places on Land and Sea." In 1771 Swedenborg went to London for the last time and took up his humble lodgings in Cold Bath Fields. He saw The True Christian Religion come from the press in that year. In the following year, the eighty-fourth of his age, he peacefully passed away. Before his death he devoutly received the sacrament at the hands of the Lutheran pastor, Ferelius, to whom he solemnly avowed, as his dying testimony, the truth of all that he had written. Swedenborg's remains were interred in the Lutheran Church in Princes Square, Ratcliff Highway, London, and some years later a memorial tablet was placed on its wall. In 1908, owing to the necessary abandonment of the church by its congregation and the deep interest awakened in Swedenborg among the learned men of Sweden, by consent of the British government the remains were disinterred and transferred in state on a Swedish warship to Sweden, and were deposited in the cathedral at Upsala; and here two years later, in

the presence of the king and royal family and of .the dignitaries of the university and of the Church, was solemnly dedicated the memorial erected over the remains by order of the Swedish parliament.

IV. Recent Honors: Like many leaders of the world's thought, Swedenborg has required the vista of years by which to be seen in his real significance. Kant concealed his indebtedness to him under the persiflage of the " Dreams of the Spirit-Seer "; Goethe is more outspoken in his gratitude, and his Paust is full of the Swedenborgian world-view. Swedenborg's trinal monism, the doctrine that.the One embraces in itself the three essential degrees, end, cause, effect: the grand man or the human form of society; the spiritual, as being the real, world; the spiritual meaning as the true ..and essential meaning of the Scriptures; God as divine Man, visible and adorable in the glorified humanity of Jesus Christ; the doctrine of the world as a vast system of tremulations set in motion by its center, the infinite divine love, and transmitted through successive spiritual and natural spheres and atmospheres; and of the kingdom of heaven as a kingdom of uses-these ideas are permeating all the newer developments of philosophic and religious thought. Early theological prejudice is giving way to profound respect; and the time seems near when Swedenborg's own prophecy, from the words of Seneca, will be realized: " There will come those who will judge. without offense or favor " (Epist. lxxix.).

FRANK SEWALL.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The scientific and philosophical works, letters, and archives are in course of publication in a complete monumental edition under the auspices of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm under the chief editorship of Prof. Gustav Retzius. Nearly all the unpublished MSS. have been reproduced in photo-lithograph and are deposited in the national libraries. The writings of Swedenborg have been translated and published as a whole or in part in the English, Welsh, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic, Russian, Danish, Dutch, Polish, Hindi, Arabic, and Japanese languages. The chief publishing centers of his works and collateral literature are the Swedenborg Society, London, founded in 1810, located at 1 Bloomsbury Street; the Massachusetts New-Church Union, la Arlington Street, Boston; and the American Swedenborg Printing and Publishing Society, 3 West Twenty-ninth Street, New York. Complete editions are to be had in both Latin and English.

As literary helps use: J. Hyde, Bibliographical Index to the Published Writings of Emanuel Swedenborg Original and Translated; from the Library of the SwedenborgSociety, supplemented from English and Foreign Collections, public. arid private, London, 1897. Avery large list of entries will be found in the British Museum Catalogue under " Swedenborg." Note also J. F. Potts, The Swedenborg Concordance, 6 vols., London, 1898. On the life consult: R. L. Tafel, Documents concerning the Life and Character of Emanuel Swedenborg, 3 vols., London, 1875-77; B. Worcester, Life and Mission of Emanuel Swedenborg, Boston, 1883; G. Trobridge, Emanuel Swedenborg, bis Life, Teachings and Influence, London, 1908· S. P. Doughty, Life of Emanuel Swedenborg, London, 1857; J. W. Fletcher, Emanuel Swedenborp, London, 1859; J. Hyde, Swedenborg the Man of the Age, new ed., London, 1863; W. White, Emanuel Swedenbore: Life and Writings, London, 1871; J. J. G. Wilkinson, Emanuel Swedenborg, London, 1886; J. F. Buss, Swedenbor0: his Life and Mission, London, 1887; C. T. Odhner, Account of the Life and Work',Rf E. Swedenborg, Philadelphia, 1893; G. Ballet, Swedenborg: hist. d'un visionaireau xviii. ai2cle, Paris, 1899.

On the doctrines of Swedenborg consult: J. J. G. Wilkinson, A Sketch of Swedenborg and the Swedenborpians. Boston, 1842; idem, Popular Sketch of Swedenborg's Philosophy, London, 1847; A. Clissold, Practical Nature of