Page 183

Page 183

Sweden Swedenbore RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA

Protestant theology were represented in Lund, the theology of Upsala had remained more uniform. This was due to the exclusion of the new development beginning with Schleiermacher. The prevailing characteristic was a strict confessional orthodoxy, embracing a Pietistic element as well as a liberal Low-church tendency as distinguished from the High-church tendency of Lund. Among theologians at Upsala were L. Lindblad (d. 1837); the exegetes A. E. Knos (d. 1862) and O. F. Myrberg (d. 1899); and the church historians, L. A. Anjou (d. 1884), Theodore Norlin (d. 1870), and C. A. Cornelius (d. 1893). Outside of the theological faculties, J. Hallenberg wrote a distinguished commentary on Revelation (3 vole., 1800); and N. Ignell (d. 1864) wrote Crrwndziige der christlichen Sittenlehre (1842-49), and Menslikliga utvecklingens historic (Stockholm, 1855-62). (G. AULEN.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: For the political history the best work is E. Hildebrand, Sveriges Historic, Stockholm, 1903 sqq.; and for the organization of the state, idem, Den svenska Statsf8rfattuiugens historiska Utveckling, ib. 1896. On the Swedish church a good work is H. Hildebrand, i , Sveriges Medeltid, part iii., on the church, ib. 1903, to which add H. Reuterdahl's Svenska kyrkans historic, ut sup., Germ. transl., Berlin, 1837. For later history there is available: L. Stavenow, Frihetstiden, Gothenburg, 1898; idem, Gustaf 111., ib. 1901; H. Hjaine. Gustaf Adolf, Stockholm, 1901; idem, Karl X11., ib. 1902. On the history of Swedish literature consult: H. Schiick, Svensk Litteraturhistoria, vol. i., Stockholm, 1890; idem and C. Warburg, Illustrerad svensk Litteraturhistoria, ib., 1895 sqq. Consult further: E. Tegner, Die Kirche Schwedens in den beiden Letzten Jahrzehnten, Stralsund, 1837; E. G. Geyer, Hist, de la Svkde, Paris, 1840; A. G. 7i;n5s, Die schwedische Reformation, Berlin, 1852; L. A. Anjou, Hisl. of the Reformation in Sweden, New York, 1859; idem, Svenska kyrkans historic frdn UpsaZa mote 1693, Stockholm, 1866; T. Norlin, Svenska kyrkans historic. efter reformationen. (1649-18!,9), Lund, 1864-71; M. Weibull, Lureds UniversiteEs HisEoria, Lund, 1868; A. Crichton and H. Wheaton, Scandinavia, Ancient and Modern., 2 vole., New York, 1872; H. Hildebrand, Das heidnische Zeitalter in Schweden, Hamburg, 1873; C. Annerstedt, Upsala Uuiversitets Historic, Upsala, 1877; J. Weidling, Schwedische Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation, Goths, 1882; C. M. Butler, The Reformation, in Sweden, New York, 1883, new issue, 1900; W. Tottie, Jesper Svedberg, Upsala, 1885-90; G. Billing, Ebbs Gustaf Bring, Lund, 1886 ; R. Sundelin, Swedenborgiauismen i Sverige, Upsala, 1888; C. A. Cornelius, Svenska Kyrkans historic efter Reformationen, Upsala, 1886; idem, Handbok i svenska Kyrkans Historic, 3d ed., ib. 1892; J. B. Baur, Die Kapuzircer and die schwedische Generalitkt im 30-jahrigen Kriege, Brisen, 1887; P. B. Watson, The Swedish Revolution under Gustavus Vasa, London, 1889; F. Puaux, Hist. de feEabZissemenE des Protestants fran~ais en Suede, Paris, 1891; H. Lundstrom, LaurenEius Paulinus Gothus, Upsala. 18921895; O. Ahnfelt, Utvecklingen of Svenska kyrkans orduing under Gustaf 1., Lund, 1593 ; H. Hjalne. Reformationsriksdagen i Vesterds, Stockholm, 1893; J. A. Kallstr5m, Bidrap till den Svenska Pietismens Historta, Stockholm, 1894; H. Wordin, De eklesiastika deputationerna, Strengnas, 1895 ; E. J. Ekman, Den ire missionen hisEoria, Stockholm, 1896-1902; k. O. Lundquist, De Svenska domkjapitlen under medeltiden, Upsala, 1897; K. A. Appelberg K yrkansr8ttskja Stallning i Sverige, Helsingsfors, 1900; F. Nippold, Harulbuch der neuestere Kirchenpeschichte, ii. 431 sqq., Ber lin, 1901; H. Lundstrom, Skizzer och Kritiker, Stockholm, 1903; E. Hildebrand, Gustaf Vasa och hens s6ner, ib. 1903-04; L.M.Bath,BidraptillkanoniskerrZittenahistorie i Sverige, Stockholm, 1905; T. HSjer, Vadstena klosters och Birgittenordens historic, Upsala, 1905; R. Chartin, Gustaf Vase et la r6fornte en Sui'de, Paris, 1908; G. Aulen, Reuterdahl, Upsala, 1907; R. Holm, Terserus, Lund, 1907 ; H. von Schubert, Kirchengeschichte Schleswig-Holsteins, Kiel, 1907; H. Holmquist, De svenska domkapitlen 1571-1687, Upsala, 1908; N. Jakobson, Den svenska herrnhutismens uppkemot, ib. 1908; E. Rodhe, Kyrka och skole, Lund, 1908;

G. M. William s, The Church of Sweden arid the Anglican

Communion, Milwaukee, 1910; E. Linderholin, R os&n, Up· eels, 1911; K. B. Westman, Birpittastudier, ib. 1911; J. Wordsworth, National Church of Sweden, London, 1911.

SWEDENBORG, swf'den-bSrg, EMANUEL.

I. Life. Parentage and Education (§ 1). Scientific Labors (§ 2). II. His writings.

1. Scientific.

2. Philosophical. Philosophy of Matter (§ 1). Mind and " Tremulation " (§ 2). Psycho-Physiology; Correspondences (§ 3). Transition to Theology (§ 4). Call as a Seer (§ 5). 3. Theological. The " Internal Sense " of Scripture (§ 1). Heaven, Hell, Spirits, and Revelation (§ 2). Doctrines of Christ and the Scriptures (§ 3). Life and Faith (§ 4). The " Angelic Wisdom " (§ 5). Marriage; the Planets; Summary (§ 6). III. Close of Life; Death and Burial. IV. Recent Honors.

I. Life: Emanuel Swedenborg (Swedberg) was born in Stockholm Jan. 29, 1688; d. in London Mar. 29, 1772. His father, Jesper Swedberg, was at the time~ utheran court chaplain, afterward professor andrdean of the University of Upsala, and bishop of Skara from 1702 to his death in 1735.

He was distinguished for his religious r. Parent- zeal, his upright life, and by his exage and tensive writings. The family were de-

Education. scendants of Daniel Isaacson, a mining peasant-proprietor in Fahlun, who gave the name Sweden to their property. When the family of the bishop was ennobled by Queen Ulrica Eleanora in 1719, the name Swedenborg was given it. Swedenborg's mother, Sara Behm, was also the daughter of a miner, Albrecht Behm, and therefore Emanuel inherited on both sides a bent for mining pursuits. Piously educated at home under his tutor, Dr. Moreus, Emanuel pursued his studies at the Upsala University till 1709, experiencing something of the Cartesian controversy rife at that time, and acquiring facility in the classics and in the writing of Latin verse. On leaving the university he at first, under the friendly patronage of his brother in-law, Eric Benzelius, afterward archbishop, made a journey to England in pursuit of scientific knowl edge, especially of mathematics and astronomy, meeting Flamsteed in London, and Halley in Ox ford, " studying Newton daily " and acquainting himself in the workshops with various trades and arts, including the grinding of lenses. Returning to Sweden he published a book of verses, Camenu Bores, edited a mathematical journal, Dcedalus Hy perboreus, and, in 1716, published the first algebra produced in Sweden.

He devoted himself to the study of metals and mines, the action of water on the earth's surface, the discovery of longitude by the moon, and meanwhile was fertile in remarkable inventions, many

of which are only at the present day z. Scien- coming to practical experiment, intific Labors. chiding the submarine war vessel, the

flying-machine, and the machine gun. Attracted by his genius and ability, King Charles XII. called Swedenborg to his service in the college