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173 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Burins Sverdrup 425 sqq. On Suso's life and works consult: C. Schmidt, in TSK, 1843, pp. 835 sqq.; F. Bricka, Henri Suso, Stras burg, 1854; The Life of Blessed Henry Suso, by himself, transl. from the German by T. F. Knox, London, 1865; the Programm of the Gymnasium of Duisburg for 1869 by Volkmann; L. 73 ;archer, in Freiiburger Didcesenarchiv, 1868, pp. 187 aqq.; F. Bohringer, Die Kirehe Christi in ihre Zeugen, xviii. I sqq., Stuttgart, 1878; W. Preger, Geschichte der deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter, ii. 309 sqq., Leipsic, 1881; F. Vetter, Ein Mystikerpaar des 14. Jahr hunderts, Basel, 1882; $. Goedeke, Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung, i. 212, Dresden, 1884; R. Seeberg, Ein Kampf um yenseitiges Leben: Lebensbild einm mittel alterlichen Frommen, Dorpat, 1889; Ti;. Ager, Heinrich Seuse aus Schwaben, Basel, 1894; H. Delaeroix, nudes d'hist. et de psychologie du mysticisme, Paris, 1908; R. A. Vaughan, Hours with the Mystics, i. 341 sqq., 8th ed., London, n.d.; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 2, pp. 233-234, 262 sqq.; ADB, xxxvii. 169 sqq.; KL, v. 1721-29. SUSPENSION. See JURISDICTION, ECCLESIAS TICAL, I., 1, § 5. - SUTEL, s$'tel, JOHANN: German Reformer; b. at Altenmorschen near Melsungen (50 m. n.e. of Giessen) 1504; d. at Northeim (48 m. s.e. of Han over) Aug. 26, 1575. In 1518 he went to Erfurt to study, and after the completion of his education became rector in Melsungen. In 1530 he was called to G6ttingen as Evangelical preacher. At first he preached at the Church of St. Nicolaus; later he re ceived the parish of St. John's as Evangelical super intendent. In 1542 Landgrave Philip of Hesse called him to Schweinfurt to introduce the Refor mation there, where he formulated a church order for the city under the title, Kirchenordnung Eines Ehrbaren Baths des heiligen Reichs Stadt SchweirN furt in Franken (Nuremberg, 1543); but the out break of the Schmalkald War compelled his flight from the city in 1547. After a short activity as pastor in Allendorf (1547-48), he became again preacher in Gottingen at the congregation of St. Alban (1548-55). In 1555 he accepted a call to the Church of St. Sixtus at Northeim, where he labored until his death. He published Artikel wider das pdpstliche Yolk in Gdttingen (1531); Das Evan getium von der grausamen erschrecklichen Zerst6rung Jerusalems (Wittenberg), with a preface by Luther; Historia von Lazaro, aus dem X1. Kapitel das Evan ge1ii S. Johannis gezogen (1543). (PAUL TBCHAC%ERT.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: P. Tschaekert, Johann Sutd, Brunswick, 1897; H. C. Beck, Sutellius, Schweinfurt, 1842 (good only for the Schweinfurt period). SVERDRUP, tsvar'drup, JAKOB LIV ROSTED: Norwegian clergyman and statesman; b. in Chris tiania Mar. 27, 1845; d. in Bergen June 11, 1899. He was graduated from Nissens Skole (B.A., 1864) and from the University of Christiania (Candidate in Theology, 1867). A traveling scholarship from the government enabled him to study the people's high schools in Denmark (see Grundtvig) which proved profitable to him when he organized a like school in Sognedal. These institutions pay special attention to influencing the personality of young men and women, fostering an affection for country and mother-tongue. The attempt is not to train the pupils for any particular position in life or for examination, but to fit the pupils by general cul ture for whatever sphere of life they are called upon to enter. Sverdrup taught in such a school, 1871-
1878; in 1878 he was appointed parish priest for Leikanger in Sogn. He had already become a power in local politics, and in 1876 had been elected member of the Storthing, in which he held a seat until 1884.
During these years of service in the Storthing he was an active worker in the committee on ecclesiastical matters. In 1884 when Johan Sverdrup, Norway's greatest statesman, was elected prime minister, Jakob Sverdrup, his nephew, was made a member of the cabinet, and in 1885-89 he was chief of the department for ecclesiastical affairs and public instruction. To him Norway owes the adoption of two new series of pericopes (1887), and of a new liturgy and book of worship (1889). Through his efforts the State came to permit a greater latitude in using the churches. When a new ministry was formed, 1889, Jakob Sverdrup got a well-earned respite as legislator. He was appointed parish priest in Bergen, which anew elected him member of the Storthing, where he served 1892-97. After a schism in the liberal political party, he became one of the leaders of the moderate wing. Twice he was requested by the king to form a new ministry-the existing union with Sweden was the burning question-but he could not comply with the king's wishes because of political opposition at home. In 1895 he was a second time appointed member of the cabinet and chief of the department for ecclesiastical matters. With his gift of organizing, fine political intuition (a family birthright), and his great learning, he was instrumental in having passed a number of salutary measures regarding churches, cemeteries, salaries of the clergy, etc. With the resignation of the entire ministry Feb. 17, 1898, he retired from political life, and was appointed bishop of Bergen. But before he could be consecrated, a painful disease, which kept him confined after Mar., 1898, terminated his life.
Perhaps no one has worked so faithfully and aggressively to give the State Church of Norway a liberal form of self-government. He followed the plan, originated by his father, of building up the Norwegian church on a national basis true to the ideas of the Reformation. As leader of the democratic element in the western part of Norway he was a strong opponent of High-church bureaucracy as well as of the anti-Christian literary movements which were undermining the morals of the Norwegian people. An illustration of the first was his continuous opposition to the High-church conception of the office of the ministry held by J. N. Skaar, later bishop.
By his translations of French and German religious works, by his sermons, essays, debates-scattered in an immense amount of printed matter, too large to be covered here-his name is familiar to every household in Norway. He was coeditor of Ny Luthersk Kirketidende, 1877-81. Of special interest to the American reader is an article on the oldest Norwegian theological school in America, Augsburg Seminary, founded 1869, now quite Anglicized, in Luthersk Kirketidende, 1875, no. 14. Likewise his Forklaring over Luthers lille Katekisme (1893), an abbreviated edition of his father's epitome of Luther's catechism, which in 1898 passed through
