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limiting work from four to six hours. In Hungary, since 1891, there has been a Sunday rest law. In Switzerland, consisting of several independent cantons united for limited purposes, the State lacks uniformity in Sunday laws. Five of the cantons have laws requiring rest in commerce. This country is such a resort of tourists that no law could be obtained to limit Sunday as regards their entertainment and amusement. In Italy in 1907 a Sunday law was enacted by which labor must cease and shops must be closed after noon on Sunday. In Spain in 1904 a Sunday law was enacted, but has since been very much changed. Bull fights on Sunday were unlawful, but the popular clamor for that brutal sport compelled the modification of the law to permit restoration of bull fights on Sunday. Portugal has a Sunday law, but it is practically ignored. In Turkey the Mohammedan keeps Friday as his Sabbath; the Jew, Saturday; the Christian, Sunday. This land has many of all these peoples, and to require physical rest or business suspension for all three would leave but four days in the week for other than religious duties. Hence, no Sunday legislation exists or can exist in the Ottoman empire.

From this survey, it is impossible to avoid the conclusion that, although the manner of Sundaykeeping is physical rest and quiet for one day in seven, yet the general and exclusive choice of Sunday for that time of rest, is due to the influence of the Christian religion. Although observation may show that Christian religious and hygienic requirements are not loyally observed and enforced by all, this does not contradict the teaching of history that its provisions are Christian. All attacks upon these laws are in violation of the best interests and assail the health and manhood of the people. Such attacks are mainly commercial, aiming to destroy any rest day whatever, and never aim to substitute another day of rest for the Sunday of rest.

RALPH E. PRIME.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: For the Sabbath as a Hebrew institution see SABBATH. On the history, theory, and ethics of Sunday observance consult. Bingham, Oripines, XX., ii.iii., cf. XVI., viii.; A. J. Binterim, Denkwurdigkeeten, vol. v., part 1, Mainz, 1829; G. Holden, The Christian Sabbath, London, 1825; D. Wilson, The Divine Authority and Perpetual Obligation of the Lord's Day, ib. 1830; J. J. Gurney, Brief Remarks on the History, Authority, and Use of the Sabbath, ib. 1831; J. E. Volbeding, Thesaurus commentationum selectarum, vol. i., Leipsic, 1847 (collects tracts by C. C. L. Francke, J. B. Albert, and D. H. Arnoldt); P. J. Proudhon, De la celebration du dimanche, Paris, 1848; G. Huyssen, Die Pests der chriselichen Kirche, 2 vols., Iserlohn, 1850-59; W. B. Barter, Tracts in Defense of the Sabbath and the Church, London, 1851; E. W. Hengstenberg, Der Tag des Herm, Berlin. 1852, Eng. transl., The Lord's Day, London, 1852; J. T. Baylee, History of the Sabbath, London, 1857; W. L. Fisher, History of the Institution of the Sabbath Day, its Uses and Abuses, 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1859; J. N. Andrews, History of the Sabbath and First Day of the Week, Battle Creek, Mich., 1887, London, 1861; N. L. Rice and others, The Chrislion Sabbath: its History, Authority, Duties, Benefits, and Civil Relations, New York, 1863; R. Cox, The Literature of the Sabbath Question, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1865; J. Gilfillan, The Sabbath, ib. 1861, New York, 1865; W, Milligan, The Decalogue and the Lord's Day in the Lioht of the General Relation of the Old and New Testament, Edinburgh, 1866, J, S. Stone, The Divine Rest; or, Scriptural Views o f the Sabbath, New York, 1867; G. Uhlhorn, Die Sonntagsfrape ron nhrer aozialen Bedeutunp, Leipsie, 1870; T. Hayem, Le

Repos hebdomadaire, Paris, 1873; T. Lefort, Du report hebdomadaire au point de vue de la morale, de la culture intellectuelle et du progrgs de L'industrie, ib. 1873; C. M. Davies, Unorthodox London, pp. 51-52, 2 vols., London, 1873-76; Orthodox London, vol. i. passim, ib. 1873; E. Wetzel, Ueber den Ursprung der christlichen Sonntagafeier, Stettin, 1874; A. Eschenauer, Le Repos du dimanche au point de vue hypifique, Paris, 1876; E. Naville, La Loi du dimanche du point de vue social et reliyieux, Geneva, 1876; M. Rieger, Staat and Sonntag, Frankfort, 1877; A. Vinet, Le Sabbat juif et le dimanche chretien, new ed:, Lausanne, 1877; K. Rohr, Der Sonntag; sein gdttl. and menschl. Recht, Schaffhausen, 1878; T. Zahn, Geschichte den Sonntaga vornehmlieh in der alten Kirche, Hanover, 1878; A. Haegler, Le Dimanche au point de vue hygienique et social, Basel, 1879; R. Lauterburg, Die Sonntagaarbeit in den grossen Industrien, Bern, 1880; P. Niemeyer, Der Sonntag vom hygienischen Standpunkt, Heidelberg, 1880; L. B. Bacon, The Sabbath Question, New York, 1882; R. L. Dabney The Christian Sabbath; its Nature, Design, and proper Observance, Philadelphia, 1882; M. J. Fuller, The Lord's Day; or, Christian Sunday; its Unity, History, Philosophy, and perpetual Obligation, London, 1883; A. J. Sessions, The Lord's Day Rescued, Boston, 1884; W. F. Crafts, The Sabbath for Man. A Study of the Origin, Obligation, History and present State of the Sabbath Observance, New York, 1885; Eight Studies in the Lord's Day, Boston, 1885; G. Elliott, The Abiding Sabbath: an Argument for the perpetual Obligation of the Lord's Day, New York, 1885; W. W. Evens, The Sabbath: its Permanence, Promise, and Defence, ib. 1885; J. Plath, Der Sonntag, daa Geschenk Gottes an die Welt, Berlin, 1885; A. E. Waffle, The Lord's Day; its universal and perpetual Obligation, Philadelphia, 1885; A. M. Weston, The Evolution of a Shadow; or, The Bible Doctrine of Rest, Cincinnati, 1886; H. A. Kostlin, Geschichte den christlichen Gottesdienstes, Freiburg, 1887; T. Hamilton, Our RestDay; its Origin, History, and Claims with special Reference to present-day Needs, new ed., Edinburgh and New York, 1888; A. A. Gieguel des Touches, Le Dimanche chez lea rations protestantes, Paris, 1889; U. Grimelund, Die Geschichte des Sonntaps, Giitersloh, 1889; J. A. Hessey, Sunday, its Origin, History, and Present Obligations, 5th ed., London, 1889; J. Schwab, The Sabbath in History, St. Joseph, Mo., 1890; W. Spiers, The Sabbath made for Man: an Inquiry into the Origin and History of the Sabbath Institution with a Consideration of its Claims upon the Christian, the Church, and the Nation, London, 1890; E. J. Waggoner, Sunday: Origin of its Observance, ib. 1891; S. E. Warren, The Sunday Question; or, The Lord's Day: its Sacredness, Permanence, and Value as shown by its Origin, History and Use, Boston, 1891; J. 0. Bittenger, A Plea for the Sabbath and for Man. With Discussions of Social Problems, ib. 1892; D. Campbell, The Puritan in Holland, England and America, London, 1892; A. M. Earle, The Sabbath in Puritan New England, ib. 1892; 0. Henke, Der Sabbatismus. Eine judaistische Reliquie in der christlichen Kirche, 3d ed., Barmen, 1892; R. Linklater, editor; The Lord's Day and the Holy Eucharist. Treated in a Series of Essays by various Authors, New York, 1892; R. A. Morgan, Bible Teaching; or, The Sanctification of one Day in Seven, London, 1892; L. Thomas, Le Jour du Seigneur, 2 vols., Geneva, 1892; G. Guirey, The Hallowed Day, New York, 1893; S. J. Du Toit, De Leerstukken der Sabbattariers, Paarl, 1893; G. Godet, Le Bon Droit du dimanche, Neuehdtel, 1894; C. B(Atner, Die Sonntagaruhe im Gewerbebetrieb and im HandeWewerbe

Leipsic, 1895; M. Werner, Die Sonntaysruhe in Industrie and Handwerk, 3d ed., Berlin, 1895; W. de L. Love, Sabbath and Sunday. Chicago, 1896; M. von Nathusius, Die Mitarbeit der Kirche an der Ldsung der sozialen Frage, Leipsic, 1897; T. de Vries, Overheid en Zondagsviering, Leyden, 1899; J. R. Milne, Primitive Christianity and Sunday Observance, Norwich, 1900; S. W. Gamble, Sunday the True Sabbath of God, Cincinnati, 1901; H. R. Gamble, Sunday and the Sabbath, New York, 1902; F. Meyriek, Sunday Observance, London, 1902; W. B. Trevelyan, Sunday, New York, 1902; L. Duchesne, Christian Worship, its Origin and Evolution, pp. 47, 78, 228, 494, 549, London, 1904, A. Barry, The Christian Sunday, ib. 1905; A. W. Streane, Sabbath and Sunday historically Considered, New York, 1906, R. J. Floody, Scientific Basis of Sabbath, and Sunday: a new Investigation after the Manner and Methods of Modern Science, revealing the