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island on which he founded the cloister of Kaiserswerth, where he passed the remainder of his life. (A. HAUCK.)

SULPICIANS: A congregation the foundations of which were laid by Jean Jacques Cher (q.v.) in 1642. The society arose through the promise of great usefulness afforded by the seminary founded by Olier first at Vaugirard and later moved to the church of St. Sulpice at Paris. This society received the protection of Anna, queen-regent of Austria, and being devoted principally to the cause of education was soon engaged in that work in other seminaries established in various cities of France, in Canada, and in 1790 in the United States. The Sulpicians are bound by no vows, but have been noted for their fidelity to the church which they serve and for the model of " regularity " which they have furnished. In the United States St. Mary's Seminary and St. Charles College in Baltimore are under their care, as was the seminary of Brighton, diocese of Boston, till 1911, and they have the spiritual direction of the students of theology in the Catholic University at Washington. The events of the years 1903-06 in France (see FRANCE, L, § 5) bore with ' especial hardship upon this congregation, bringing its I activities to an end, and leaving North America the

JACQOE9, consult: G. M. de Fruges, J. J. OLier, Paris, 1904; Vie de Emery . . , p r&Mee d'un precis de fhiat. du skminaire et de la compagnie de St . Sulpice, 2 vols., Paris, 1882; J. St. Vaagaa, in The Dublin Review, 1866, pp. 22 sqq.; J. H. Ieard, Traditions de la eompagnie de Pr&res de St. Sulpice, Paris, 1886; M. Siebengartner, SchriJten and Einrichtungen zur Bildung der GeistZiehen, pp . 428 sqq., 431 sqq., Freiburg, 1902; Heimbucher, Orden and Kongregationen, iii. 442 149.

SULZER, SIMON: Swiss theologian of Lutheran tendencies; b. in the Haslithal above Meiningen (24 m. s.s.w. of Lucerne) Sept. 23, 1508; d. at Basel June 22, 1585. He was educated at Bern under the humanist Rubellus of Rottweil and at Lucerne under Oswald Myconius (q.v.); in 1530 he was in Strasburg, where he heard lectures from Butzer and Capito, and in Basel in 1531, where Simon Grynaeus (see GxYNEus, 1) taught him, where he also helped the printer Herwagen, taught at the Collegium, later the Padagogium; in 1533 Capito and Butzer had him called to Bern as a teacher with occasional preaching duties and the work of inspecting six dis-

leader of the Lutheran movement; then he and his following strove in vain to abolish the oath that bound the preachers to a recognition of Zwingli's doctrines and to introduce the Lutheran view of the Lord's Supper. In 1544 he succeeded Kunz as preacher, but in 1548 was deposed from his position after a quarrel which, it is supposed, he provoked in order to pose as a martyr in the Lutheran cause. He was made pastor at St. Peter's, Basel, 1543; professor of Hebrew, 1552; successor to Oswald Myconius at the minster, and antistes of the Basel church, 1553. He was happy and active in his double position, defended the persecuted Lutherans, and advocated union between Germans and Swiss. He could not conceal his anti-Zwinglian views, which ultimately became plain to everybody.

Sulzer's efforts to introduce Lutheran ideas in

Basel had no lasting effect. He never dared to put

aside the first Basel Confession of 1534, although he

relegated it to the background. After his death, the

Basel church was brought back to Zwinglianism and

united to the Swiss churches. His efforts were more

successful in Baden. He became acquainted with

Margrave Karl IL, who in 1555 began the Refor

mation of the lower part of his margravate. Sulzer

recommended and ordained over twenty pastors,

and was named superintendent of Roteln, Schopf

heim, Miillheim, and Hochberg. His activity was

remarkable, but his undeniable services to the

schools of Bern and the churches of Basel and

Baden are somewhat shadowed by his weak charac

ter and his injudiciously partizan opposition to the

traditional Swiss church. (W. HADORN.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Hundeshagen, in F. Trechsel's Beitrilge zur Geschichte der schweizerisch-reJormirten Kirche, pp. 105 aqq., Bern, 1844; G. Linder, Simon Sulzer and sein Anted an der Reformation im Lande Baden, Heidelberg, 1890; A. Fluri, Berner Schulordnunp von 16/,8, Berlin, 1901.

SUMER. See BABYLONIA, V.

SUMMA DER GODLIgER SCRIFTUREN: The

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appeared in Leyden, 1523. The full title reads:

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ologie, leerende en onderwijsende alle

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