[Image] [Hi-Res Image]
Page 124
9ubintroduotea Suarez THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 124
sixty-nine years until his death in 596 near Antioch. He sought to surpass Simeon the Elder in his austerities, against the warnings of his teacher. During the reign of Heraclius, Alyphius lived as a stylite at Adrianople in Paphlagonia. Like nearly all the stylites he reached an advanced age, though for the last fourteen years of his life he was unable to stand, lying crouched on his pillar until his death. Mention may finally be made of the stylite Lucas the Younger, who in the tenth century lived on a pillar near Chalcedon, reaching the age of 100 years. Many other stylites are known by name, and the system was flourishing in the tenth century. The last stylites known were among the Ruthenian monks in 1526.
Stylites were most numerous in Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia, though they were also found in Greece and in the Russian church. Only one effort is known to have been made to introduce stylitism into the West. In 585 a deacon named Wulflaicus erected a pillar near Treves, but the bishops compelled him to descend from it and then destroyed it. Occidental antagonism to extravagant asceticism, episcopal opposition to a body of men who might easily withdraw from their control, and unfavorable climatic conditions all combined to render stylitism impossible in the West.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Several early Vitrr of the earlier Simeon are collected, with commentary, in ASB, Jan. i. 281-286; the Vita by Theodoret of Kyroa, Hiat, religiosa, xxvi.; the Acts mistakenly ascribed to Coamas is in S. E. Assemani, Acts sanctorum martyrum_ ii. 268-398, cf. ib. 230 aqq. (a poem by Jacob of Sarug), Rome, 1748. Consult further: G. Lautensack, De Simeone SLylita, Wittenberg, 1700; F. Uhlemann, Synaeon der crate Sdulenheilige an Syrien, Leipsic, 1846; P. Zingerle, Leben and TVirken des heiligen Sirneon Stylitea, Innsbruck, 1855; H. Delehaye, in Compte rendu du S, congr~s scientifique des catholiquea i< Bruxelles, vol. v., Brussels, 1895; E. Slarin, Les Moines de Conalantinople, Paris, 1897; H. Lietzmann, Daa Leben des heilipen Symeon Stylites, Leipsic, 1908. A Vita of the Younger Simeon with commentary is in ASB, May, v. 298-401.
SUAREZ, swd'reth, FRANCISCO: Jesuit scholastic; b. at Granada, Spain, Jan. 5, 1548; d. at Lisbon Sept. 25, 1617. He was of noble birth; studied law at the University of Salamanca, 1561-64; but decided to enter the order of Jesuits. After his novitiate of three years he studied philosophy at Salamanca; lectured on Aristotle at Segovia and Avila after 1572, and on theology at Valladolid, 1576-78, at Rome, 1578-85, at Alcala, Spain, 15851592, at Salamanca for a year; and at the University of Coimbra, Portugal, 1597-1617. His lectures are said to have been sensational in their popularity.. Spanish grandees came to hear the " prodigy and oracle of his age," and in an episcopal approbation of one of his writings occurs the term, " a second Augustine "- but Suarez never relinquished his modesty. He lived only for knowledge and pious exercises. He fasted three times a week and on no day took more than one pound of nourishment, and flagellated himself daily with a wire-woven scourge.
Suarez's literary activity was directed mainly to the discussion of the Aristotelian philosophy and to scholastic theology. His works were published, Opera omnia (23 vole., Venice, 1740-51;
28 vole., Paris, 1856-61). The last two volumes of the former of these two editions contained meta physical disputations and a complete index to the metaphysics of Aristotle, and was so widely recog nized that it formed a text-book in Protestant institutions for a long time. Vole. i.-xx. consist of disputations and comments on Thomas Aquinas. As vol. ix. represented the " congruism " of Luis Molina (q.v.), it failed to receive the imprimatur of the pope, and was not allowed to appear until 1651. In the field of morals Suarez discussed only the three theological virtues (vol. xi.), the State, religious discipline, and the duties of monks (vole. xii.-xv.). In accordance with the taste of the age and of his order, he heaped up scholastic problems without end by means of his remarkable gift of invention, and with a refined subtlety resolved them by means of dialectic. He wrote his Defensio f dei, catholicce et apostolicce adversus anglicante sectce er rores (Coimbra, 1613) at the instance of Pope Paul V. against James I. of England and the English, oath of allegiance, in which he laid down the prin ciple that the pope had the power to depose tem poral rulers for heresy and schism, and that this must be accepted as an article of faith on the ground of the power of the keys.. James had the book publicly burned by the executioner in front of St. Paul's. It was also burned in Paris, but Philip II. of Spain accepted the principle as genu inely Roman Catholic, and the pope gratefully ap plauded the work in a personal letter to the author Sept. 9, 1613. (O. ZOCBLERt.)BIBLIOGRAPHY: The one work of importance is C. Werner, F. Suarez and die Scholastik der letzten Jakrhundeite, 2 vole., Regensburg, 1861. Consult further: the biography printed with the collected works; B. Sartolo, El Doctor F. Suarez, Zd ed., Coimbra, 1731; KL, xi. 923-929.
SUBDEACOft: A clerical order in the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches, ranking next below the deacon. The orders in the ancient Church were only those of bishop, presbyter, and deacon (see ORGANIZATION OF THE EARLY CHURCH). From the diaconate branched the subdiaconate; not uniformly, however, as shown by its frequent absence as late as the middle of the ninth century. Pope Cornelius mentions among the clergy at Rome seven subdeacons, which goes to show the existence of the office by 250, as well as its origin at Rome. When Alexander Severus divided the city into seventeen administrative districts, Fabian, not to exceed the Apostolic number, added seven subdeacons to the seven deacons for the corresponding ecclesiastical divisions. In Spain they are mentioned in connection with the Synod of Ancyra (c. 305); in Africa, according to Cyprian, they existed at the middle of the third century, and in the East they were known at the middle of the fourth. The subdeacons performed minor functions. They might handle the holy vessels when empty; they received the oblations, had superintendence of the graves of the martyrs, guarded the church doors during the communion, and poured the water into the chalice, to which duties was added the chanting of the epistle. Gregory the Great extended the obligation of celibacy to the subdeacons, and a council under Urban II. granted them permission to become bishops.
