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in the going forth of its members to the foreign mission field. It is gratifying, therefore, to note that the movement has on its records the names of 4,784 volunteers who, prior to Jan. 1, 1911, had reached the mission field, having been sent out as missionaries of no less than fifty different missionary boards of the United States and Canada. About one-third of the sailed volunteers are women.

The sailed volunteers are distributed by countries as follows:

In order to be of greater service to all the mission boards in helping them to secure the most capable men and women to go as missionaries, there was established in the fall of 1907 the candidate department. The work already done has demonstrated the wisdom of this forward movement. Almost every board has been aided during the past year in finding properly qualified candidates. In 1894 the movement began to promote the systematic and progressive study of missions among students. At that time there were less than thirty classes carrying on such study in all the institutions of North America. During the first year there were organized 144 classes with an enrolment of 1,400. In the year 1909-10 there were in 596 institutions 2,379 classes having an enrolment of 29,322. At the beginning of this period there were no text-books available for the classes. Since 1894 a text-book literature has been created, not only for the students, but the work, taken up by other organizations, has been pushed in the churches among young people's societies, women's missionary societies, and in the Sunday-schools, so that now the annual sales of missionary textbooks by these different agencies has passed the 100,000 mark. This mission study work is developing an intelligent and strong missionary interest and is striving to make that interest permanent. It is an invaluable help in preparing missionary candidates for their life-work, is making the conditions favorable for the multiplying of the number of capable volunteers, is developing right habits of praying and giving for missions, and is equipping those who are to become leaders at home to be real citizens of a world-wide kingdom. The movement has also stimulated gifts to missions by students. When it began its work less than $10,000 a year was being contributed toward missionary objects by all the institutions of the United States and Canada. During 1909-10 29,000 students and professors gave over $133,761, of which

more than $90,000 was given to foreign missions and $37,000 to home missions. Eighty-nine institutions gave $300 or more each. Many colleges and theological seminaries are supporting entirely or in large part their own representative on the foreign field. The movement has been helpful also in raising the standards of qualifications of intending missionaries. During the past twenty years in particular it has emphasized that those who are to become missionaries should possess the highest qualifications. It invariably encourages students to take a regular and thorough college or university course and to press on to such graduate courses as may be required by the agencies under which they expect to go abroad. The leaders of the movement have always insisted that no student volunteer was prepared for his high calling unless he were spiritually qualified. Hence the movement has guided and stimulated volunteers to form right devotional habits such as that of personal Bible study, secret prayer, and the practise of religious meditation.

Great as the achievements have been, the work is not and will not be finished while there is an increasing demand for missionaries. New missionaries are needed to fill the places made vacant on the mission field by the death or retirement of the old missionaries, to reach the unevangelized millions in the countries where missions have already been established, and to occupy the countries which are at present without a single missionary, or where no work has as yet been attempted. These recruits must be found among the students.

F. P. TURNER.

B1HI,rodrfa>PHy: Reports of the Executive Committee and of the international conventions, published by the organization from time to time.

The translation in the English versions of the Hebrew mikshol, makshelah, ebhen, negheph, and the Greek proskommct, lit3ws tou proskonamatos, skandolon, the fundamental idea of which is either an object in the way over which one may stumble or a weighted trap used for catching wild animals, which falls when the bait is touched. These terms may represent persons or things good in themselves, as when (I Cor. i. 23; I Pet. ii. 8) they are applied to Christ, the guilt resting upon those " which stumble at the word, being disobedient "; and moral guilt may be incurred by a Christian if, when he should uphold his faith, he weakly denies it or conceals it for fear of giving offense. On the other hand, he is always to take the ideas and feelings of others into consideration (cf. Matt. xvii. 27). An offense which involves blame to the giver does so because it leads to sin, if only by confusing the moral judgment, in the awakening of a doubt about the character of the agent or the action or about the correctness of another's habitual convictions. Sin is thus made easier, and the one who gives offense incurs the guilt of consciously or unconsciously leading another into temptation. It is from this standpoint that St. Paul exhorts the Corinthians to abstain from meat offered in sacrifice (I CoT. viii. 7-13, x. 28), laying down his principle of Christian liberty, " All things