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illness followed soon after the publication of the book, while attack and criticism were still proceeding. A series of poems written on his death-bed, breathing pious resignation, show how -truly in his own way he possessed religious feeling. In 1910 a nightly memorial was erected to him in his home town.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Strauss' Gesammelte SchriJten, ed. E. Zeller. appeared in 12 vols., Bonn, 1878-78. On his life sad works consult: E. Zeller, D. F. Strauss in aeinem Leben and seinem Schrijten peschildert, Bonn, 1874, Eng. tranal., London, 1874; E. Mussard, Examen critique du aystpme de Strauss, Genwe, 1839; De Valenti, Hegel, Strauss and der Christenplaube, Basel, 1$43; C. Albrecht, Epoche aua der Slraussenzeit, Biel, 1883; J. Cairns, False Christs and the True, Edinburgh, 1884; C. E. Luthardt, Die modernen Darstellunpen des Lebens Jesu, Leipsie, 1884; O. Bagge, Das Prinzip des Mythua im Dienst der ehristlichen Position, Le ipsic, 1865; G. P. Fisher, Essays on the Supernatural Orrgin of Christianity, New York, 1888; H. Rogers, Reason and Faith, London, 1368; W. H. Scott, The Christ of the Apostle's Creed, New York, 1887; B. Bauer, Philo, Strauss and Reran and daa Urchristenthum, Berlin, 1874; W. Lang, D. F. Strauss, Leipsic, 1874; J. de LeRoi, D. F. Strauss, Paris, 1875; H. Ulrici, Der Philosoph Strauss: Kritik seiner SchriJt " Der alte and der neue Glaube," Halle, 1873, Eng. transl., Philadelphia, 1875; A. Hausrath, D. F. Strauss and die Theolopie seiner Zest, 2 vols., Heidelberg, 1878-78; C. Schlottmann, David Strauss als Romantiker des Heidenthums, Halle, 1878; H. Kiinkler, Zum Gedachtnis an David Friedrich Strauss, Wiesbaden, 1898; S. Eck, D. F. Strauss, Stuttgart, 1899; K. Harrxua, D. F. Straws, Leipaic, 1901; O. Gramzow, David Friedrich Strauss, Charlottenburg, 1904; K. Fischer, Ueber D. F. Strauss. Gesammelte .4ufseitze mit Einleitung von H. Falkenheim, Heidelberg, 1908; H. Kard, Ein Vorkampjer moderner Weltanschauung. Gedenkworte 4n David Friedrich Strauss (daze ein Jugendbildnis), Zurich, 1908; A. Kohut, David Friedrich Strauss ala Denker and Erzieher, Leipaic, 1908; T. Ziegler, David Friedrich Strauss, 2 vols., Strasburg, 1908; A. Lbvy, David Fr_dJ!rtc Strauss. La Vie et l'eeuvre, Paris, 1910.

STRAUSS, JAKOB: Reformer in Hall, Wertheim, and Eisenach; b. at Basel between 1480 and 1485; d. possibly in Baden probably in 1533. He received his early education in his native town, left there in 1495 and became teacher in Wertheim, Strasburg, probably in Horb also; in 1515 he went to Freiburg, where he took his bachelor's and doctor's degree, and was afterward Evangelical preacher in Berchtesgaden. In 1521 he went to Schwaz in the Tyrol, but was compelled to withdraw before the Franciscans under Michel von Bruneck and went to Hall, where he lectured to priests upon the Gospel of Matthew and preached in the churches and in the open air before vast crowds upon confession and the monastic life, attacking the hierarchy and demanding the administration of both elements in the sacrament. He was guarded by the citizens from attack, but was compelled to leave there in May, 1522, amid the bitter weeping of the people, to whom he sent on May 16 from Haslach Ein kurzer Unterricht von erdichtetm Bruderschaften. He went

to Saxony and on Aug. 4 was in Kemberg, where a sermon preached in Hall was printed: Eire verstendige trostlieh Leer fiber das Wort S. Paulus: der Mertsch soll sick selbs probieren, etc. In September he went on Luther's recommendation as preacher to Count Georg of Wertheim, but his domineering ways caused his dismissal the next month. He was at Weimar at Christmas, 1522, and at the beginning of 1523 at Eisenach as preacher, where he printed his document on the Weimar disputation and his Wunderbarlich Beichtbiichleirt, abolished the mass, pictures in the churches, and the use of oil and the chrism in baptism, advocated the marriage of priests, and wrote Wider den simorteischent Tau, f, and erkauften, ertickten Krysam and Fegefetter and Opfer fur die Toten. He replied also to those who slandered and accused him in a number of pamphlets. He assailed the burdens of taxation, church endowments, payment of interest. Luther, being appealed to, attempted to correct Strauss' mistaken zeal and to moderate it, and Melanchthon did the same in 1524. The result was a more temperate advocacy of his principle that the Mosaic law should be a basis for church law in a tract of 1524, though demanding the introduction of the jubilee year. In 1524 Duke Johann Friedrich charged Strauss with a visitation in Eisenach and neighboring parts, and this Strauss conducted imprudently, arbitrarily deposing and installing ministers. Disaffection arose among the peasants, which Strauss tried in vain to quell; after the rebellion Strauss was arrested and tried, submitted, and was discharged. His position in Eisenach was untenable. He was at Nuremberg in 1525, and later went to Hall in Swabia; he received a rebuke from (Ecolampadius, whom he had challenged to a disputation. Meanwhile Strauss was made preacher in Baden-Baden, where he entered the sacramental controversy, and wrote against Zwingli. Iff 1527 he wrote again against (Ecolampadius' Antisyngramma, who, however, did not deign to notice Strauss. Little is known of his career after that, though it is probable that in disappointment he reentered the Roman Catholic Church.

Brsrrocaerax: Ayn Jreuntlich pesprech zwyachen ainem BarfuaserMiinch aus der ProvynzOaterreych, der Observarcz, and ainem Loffelmacher, cf. ZeitschriJt der deutschen Philolopie, xxxvii. 75 sqq.; F. A. Sinnaeher, Beitr&pe zur Geachichte der biach8,ftichen Kirche von Saberi and Brizen, vii. 1888 aqq., 314, 7 vole., Innsbruck, 1821 aqq.; G. T. Strobel, Mascellaneen, iii. 1-94. 8 parts, Nuremberg, 17782; C. A. Comelius, Geschichte den miinaterischen Aujruhrs, ii. 243 aqq., 248, Leipsic, 1880; Schmidt, Jakob Strauss, Propramm des Realpymnasiuma, Eisenach, 1865; G. Kawerau. Johann Agricola, pp. 51 sqq., Berlin, 1881; H. Neu, Geschithte der evangelischen Kirche in der Grajachaft Wertheim, Heidelberg, 1903. A number of references to further information are given in Hauck-Herzog, RE, ac. 92.

STRAWBRIDGE, ROBERT: Methodist Episcopal pioneer and lay preacher; b. at Drummer's Nave, near Carrick-on-Shannon, Ireland; d. near Baltimore in 1781. He seems to have been a local preacher before his emigration to America, which took place.