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87 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA stis'el F3tillin9 batier, to which is attached a critical study of stigmata, and that by F. E. Chavin de Malan, chaps. 14-15, Paris, 1845; A. Paleotti, Hiatoria admiranda de Jesu Christi stigma tibus, ed. R. Gibbon, Antwerp, 1818; Evangelische Kir chenzeitung, 1835, pp. 180-201, 345-390; A. Tholuck, Vermiachte SchriJten, i. 97-133, Hamburg, 1839; the intro duction to Das bittere Leiden unserea Herrn Jesu Christi, Munich, 1852; J. Ennemoser, Der Mapnetiamua im Ver hhltnis zur Natur and zur Religion, pp. 92-95, 131-142, Stuttgart, 1853; B. Johnen, Louise Lateau. Kein blun der, sondern Tauachung, Leipaie, 1874; A. Rohling, Louise Lateau, Paderhorn, 1874; Charbonnier de Batty, Maladies et facult6s diaerses des mystiques, Brussels, 1875; P. Majunke, Louise Lateau, Berlin, 1875; T. Schwann, Mein Gutachten fiber die Verauche an Louise Lateau, Cologne, 1875; Warlomont, Louise Lateau, Rapport mMieal sur la slipmatisee de Bois d'Hairte, Brussels and Paris, 1875; Die Stigmalisierten des 19. Jahrhunderta, Regensburg, 1877; C. Berens, Louise Lateau each den rneuesten Beobacht ungen and Erscheinunpen,Paderborn, 1878; J. J. von Gorres, The Stigmata: a History of various Cases. Lon don, 1883 (a transl. of part of Die chriatliche Mystik, ii. 410-456, 494-510, 4 vols., Regensburg, 1838-42); P. Pansier, Les Manifestations oculaires de fhyatlrrie, Paris, 1892; A. Imbert-Goubeyre, La Stigmatisation, fexlase divine, et lee miracles de Lourdes, 2 vole., Paris, 1894; P. Janet, The Mental State of Hyatericals. A Study of Mental Stigmata, New York, 1901. STILES, EZRA: American Congregationalist; b. at North Haven, Conn., Dec. 15, 1727; d. in New Haven May 12, 1795. He was graduated from Yale College, 1746; was tutor there 1749-55; he studied theology but turned to law, and was admitted to the bar in 1753; practised law two years, but re turned to the ministry in 1755; he was pastor in Newport, R. L, 1755-77; in 1777, when the place was occupied by the British, he removed to Ports mouth to become pastor of the North Church. In Sept., 1777, he was elected president of Yale Col lege, where he was professor of ecclesiastical history till 1780, when he became professor of divinity. He was accounted in his day the most learned and ac complished divine of the United States. He pub lished An Account of the Settlement of Bristol, R. 1. (Providence, 1785); and A History of Three of the Judges of King Charles 1., Major General Whalley, Major General Go, fe, and Colonel Dixwell, who . . . fled to America and were secreted . . . for near thirty Years. With, an Account of Mr. T. Wale of Narra gansett, supposed to hove been one of the Judges (Hart ford, 1794). He left an unfinished Church History of New England, and more than forty volumes of manuscripts. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Consult the Life by A. Holmes, Boston, 1798: that by J. L. Kingsley, in J. Sparks's Library of American Biography, 10 vole., ib. 1834-38; W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American, Pulpit, i. 47079, New York, 1859; W. Walker, Ten New England Leaders, passim, ib. 1901; and The Literary Diary of. Ezra Stiles, ed. F. B. Dexter, 3 vole. New York, 1901. STILLING, JOHANN HEINRICH JUNG-: Ger man mystic and writer of devotional works; b. in the village of Grund (23 m. n.e. of Gottingen) Sept. 12, 1740; d. at Carlsruhe Apr. 2, 1817. His name was Johann Heinrich Jung, but in the last twenty years of his life he called himself Jung-Stilling be cause he had written his autobiography under the name of Stilling. He was the son of a poor tailor and school-teacher and grandson of a charcoal burner. In his tenth year Stilling was entrusted to the rector of the Latin school at Hilchenbach, where he studied Latin, mathematics, and history, and X L-7
attracted the attention of Pastor Seelbach, who in 1755 made him school-teacher at Litzel, at the age of fifteen. Here he read Homer, and also the works of Boehme, but lost the favor of Seelbach by his intercourse with separatists. Stilling returned to his home and assisted his father, but after .a short interval began to teach again in Dreisbach and Klefeld. In 1762 he went as journeyman tailor on his travels, ultimately reaching Solingen, where he found work and spiritual advancement in the communities influenced by Spener and Tersteegen. Then he became tutor in the house of a well-to-do merchant. After a short time spent with a tailor, he taught again in the family of a merchant named Flender who gave him leisure and the means to continue his studies, especially in ancient and modern languages. During this time he became acquainted with the Roman Catholic preacher Molitor in Attendorn who was very successful in curing diseases of the eye and taught him. his methods. From 1770 to 1772 Stilling studied medicine in Strasburg, where he became acquainted with Herder and Goethe. He then settled as physician in Elberfeld. In 1778 he received a call to Kaiserslautern as professor in the school of political economy. After the removal of this school to Heidelberg in 1784 and its connection with the university, Stilling went to Heidelberg, and in 1787 to Marburg in the same capacity. But, in spite of his success as teacher and physician, he became dissatisfied with his calling, and gave up his position in Marburg (1803) to accept a call of Elector Karl Friedrich of Baden, who settled an annuity upon him so that he might devote himself entirely to his religious calling and propagate religion and practical Christianity through his correspondence and literary activity. He lived in Heidelberg as a witness of the living God and herald of Christ, 1803-06; the rest of his life he spent in Carlsruhe.
Stilling was a "patriarch of revivals" who, in the time of indifference and of the atrocities of the French revolution, showed thousands of people where salvation from moral degeneration could be found, and led them again to a profounder religious feeling. His books still have influence, being the products of immediate personal experience. Three works of Stilling have especially established his fame and importance: Heinrich Stillings Jugend (1777); Heinrich Stillings Jiinglingsjahre (1778); and Heinrich Stillings Wanderschaft (1778). The first of these won Goethe's ardent admiration. Of his attempts in the domain of belles-lettres, only Theobald oder die Schwkrmer (1784-85) survived, and even that because it contains contributions to the history of the Separatists, Heinrich Stillsngs hkusliches Leben (1789) and Heinrich Stillings .Lehrjahre (1804) are continuations of the story of his life mentioned above, but they lack the depth and originality of the first works. Das Heimweh, Scenen aus dem Geisterreiche, Siegesgeschichte der christlichen Religion and Theorie der Geisterkunde, works of a mystical nature, were soon forgotten, but Stilling showed the irresistible power of personally experienced faith in his periodical publication, Der graue Mann (1795-1816), and in Der chrisdiche M~,nschenfreund (1803 1815); Taschenbueh ,fur Freulide des Christentunis
