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RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Stephens Steudel
in York cathedral, 1740-41; commissary of Dickering and Pocklington in the same year; the next year he married Elizabeth (Eliza) Lumley, who was possessed of a small patrimony; in 174213 Sterne received in addition to his other charges the living of Stillington; he also at this time attempted to add to his income by farming. His first publication was a charity sermon (York, 1747). A second commissaryship was awarded him in 1747, and a claim by another upon his first office of this kind led to Sterne's entrance on the field of satiric humor, A Political Romance addressed to , esq. of York (1769), often appearing later as The History of a Warm Watch Coat. This line of work proved so congenial that he continued it, and began to write the work which marks his place in English literature, Tristram Shandy, the first two books of which were published by himself (late in 1759) after the work had been refused by a London publisher. The work found instant success, a second edition was arranged for by the publisher, and its continuance was assured upon contract at the rate of a volume a year. A volume of sermons was also put through the press. In 1760 he became perpetual curate of Coxwold, retaining his other charges of Sutton and Stillington, which were served by curates. His residence at Coxwold was broken by a visit to France, where he was lionized, and by frequent journeys to London on business connected with the publication of the later volumes of Tristram Shandy, of sermons, and of his Sentimental Journey. His works were first collected in 7 vols., Dublin, 1779, then in 10 vols., London, 1780; a late edition is by G. Saintsbury, 6 vols., 1894.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: P. Fitzgerald, Life of Lawrence Sterne, 2 vols., London, 1564, 2d ed., ib. 1896; W. M. Thackeray, The English Humourists of the 18th Century, 2d ed., ib. 1853; P. S. Stapfer, Lawrence Sterne, sa personne et ses reuvres, Paris, 1870; E. Scherer, etudes critiques de Litterature, pp. 195-221, ib. 1876; H. D. Traill, Life of Sterne, new ed., London, 1889; L. Stephen, Hours in a Library, iii. 139-174, ib. 1892; J. Texte, J. J. Rousseau et Zes origines du cosmopolitisme Zitteraire, pp. 337-354, Paris, 1895; DNB, liv. 199-221.
STERNHOLD, THOMAS: One of the founders of English psalmody; b. either at Southampton, England, or on the Hayfield estate near Blakeney (20 m. n. of Bristol, England), about 1500; d. Aug. 23, 1549. He studied at Oxford but did not take a degree; was groom of the chambers to Henry VIII. and Edward VI. He is said to have versified fiftyone psalms, of which nineteen appeared in 1548, and thirty-seven the next year, immediately after his death (for other data, and developments after Sternhold, see HYMNOLOGY, IX., § 2). The work was continued by John Napkins of the Woodend, Aure, Gloucestershire (B.A., Oxford, 1544; said to have held a living in Suffolk). The Whole Booke of Psalms Collected into English Metre appeared 1562, and was bound up with innumerable editions of the Prayer Book; making for two centuries or more the only or chief metrical provision of the Church of England. Since 1700 or so, it has been called the " Old Version," in distinction from its rival, Tate and Brady. Of its contents about forty-one psalms bear the initials of Sternhold (the only notable sample of his skill being a few stanzas of Ps. xvriii.),
and sixty-four, those of Hopldns. The rest are by Thomas Norton, a lawyer who translated Calvin's Institutes, and d. about 1600; William Whittingham, b. at Chester, 1524; d. 1589; educated at Oxford; married Calvin's sister, and was from 1563 dean of Durham; and William Kethe, who was in exile with Knox at Geneva,, 1555, chaplain to the English forces at Havre 1563, and afterward rector or vicar of Okeford in Dorsetshire. l~:ethe is memorable as the author of the only rendering now much used of all these, " All people that on earth do dwell " (Ps. c.), which has a venerable solidity and quaintness.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: S. W. Duffield, ~:'nglish Hymns, pp. 525- 526, New York, 1888; N. Liviagston, The Scottish Metrical Psalter of A. D. 1636, Edinburgh, 1864; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 560-861, 863; .2NB, liv. 223-224.
STERRY, PETER: Puritan; b. in Surrey; d. in London Nov. 19, 1672. He was graduated from Emmanuel's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1633; M.A., 1637; fellow, 1636); was one of Cromwell's chaplains, one of the fourteen divines proposed by the Lords in May, 1642, and sat as an Independent in the Westminster Assembly almost from the first. He was characterized as myetical and obscure, but his doctrines of conversion and of religious life, of Christian experience, duty, and hope were of the usual Evangelical type. Among his works may be mentioned The Clouds in Whr;ch Christ Comes (London, 1648); four Parliament sermons, The Spirit's Conviction of Sinne (1645); The Teachings of Christ in the Soule (1648) ; The Coming forth of Christ in the Power of his Death (1650); Tie Way of God with his People in These Nations (:i657); Englands Deliverance from the Northern Presbytery, Compared with its Deliverance from the Roman Papacy; or a Thanksgiving Sermon, on Jer. xvi. 14, 15 (1652); Discourse on the Freedom of the Will (1675); The Rise, Race, and Royalty of the Kingdom of God in the Soul of Man together with an flecount of the State of a Saint's Soul and Body in Death (1683); The Appearance of God to Man in the Gospel and Gospel Change, to Which is Added an Explication of the Trinity, and a Short Catechism (1710).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: D. Neat, Hist. of the Puritans, ed. J. Toulmin, 5 vols., Bath, 1793-97; B. Brooke, Lives of the Puritans, iii. 347, London, 1813; 1.. A Wood, Athenm Ozonienses, ed. P. Bliss, iii. 197, 912, 1170, 4 vols., ib. 1813-20; D. Masson's Life of Milton, pa;asim. 8 vols., ib. 1859-80; DNB, liv. 224-225; and the literature under WESTIVIINSTEn STANDARDS.
STEUDEL, JOHANN CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH: German theologian; b. at Esslingen (8 in. s.e. of Stuttgart) Oct. 25, 1779; d. at Tiibingen Oct. 24, 1837. He was educated at Tiibingen, 1797-1804; was vitas at Oberesslingen 1802-06; tutor at Tiibingen, 1806-08; studied Arabic and Persian at Paris, 1808-10; was deacon at Canstatt, 18101812; after 1812 subdeacon and deacon at Tiibingen and professor of theology, 1815-37. In 1822 he became morning preacher at the principal church of the city and after 1826 sevior of the faculty and assessor of the seminary inspection. His lectures at first were on the Old Tesl,ament, including later oriental languages, and after 1826 dogma and apologetics. He founded in 1828 the Zeitschrift fiir Theologie. A rational supernaturalist, Steudel is usually
