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staphylus THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 88 Stars of Scripture and to advocate the authentic interpre tation of the Church. The decisive step was taken by him at Breslau, whither he had gone from Dan zig, where, during a severe illness toward the end of 1552, he received the Lord's Supper after the Roman rite and confirmed his rehabilitation as a Roman Catholic by confession. He then removed to Neisse, the seat of Bishop Promnitz, in whose service he erected a school and was active in other directions. Hand in hand with Canisius, he aided in the restoration of Roman Catholicism in Austria and Bavaria. Being elected superintendent of the Uni versity of Ingolstadt toward the end of 1560, he under took a reformation of that demoralized institution. He hailed the idea of a general council, but thought that it should be preceded by negotiations between the emperor and the Protestants in order to win their consent. A great advantage, according to him, could be derived from the inner discord of the Prot estants. In 1562 Emperor Ferdinand requested Staphylus to extract from the opinions of different theologians a definite statement of what in the name of the emperor should be presented to the council as a program of reform. It appeared as Consultatio imperatoris F'erdinandi 1. iussu institttta de artie. ref. in Cone Trident. Prop. Staphylus published also: Synodus sanctorum patrum antiquorum contra nova dogmatu Andrete Osiandri (Nuremberg, 1553); Theologise Martini Lutheri trimembris epitome (155R); Scriptum colloquerttium August. Conf. . . . cum oypositis annotationibus (1558); Historic et apologia . . . de dissolutiorte colloquia nuper Wormatite in stituti (Nisx, 1558). In these polemical works against the Protestants he criticized especially the idolatry of Luther and opposed to Protestant sub jectivism the objective norms of tradition and the consensus of the Church. His last work was, Vom letzten and grossen Abfall, so vor der Zukunft des Antichrist geschehen soil (Ingolstadt, 1565). By Abfall, " apostasy," he meant Lutheranism. (P. TSCHACKERT.) BrsrrocaArar: His Opera were digested into a single vol ume, Ingolstadt, 1813, and selections are in G. T. Strobel Miacellaneen literarischen InhaLls, i. 219 sqq., ii. 225 aqq., 6 vols., Nuremberg, 1778-82, and in J. G. Schellhorn, Amo:nitates historice ecclesiastics; et literarice, i. 811 sqq., ii. 564 sqq., 2 vola., Erfurt, 1737-40, as well as in the same author's Ergotzlichkeiten, ii. 138 sqq., 337 sqq., 469 sqq., Ulm,1763. Sources are the sketch by his son in the Opera, ut sup.; that by Strobel, Miseellaneen, ut sup., i. 3 1; C. Hartknoeh, Preassischen Kirchen-Historic, pp. 295 sqq., Frankfort, 1686. Consult further: C. A. Salig, VoZlst4nd ige Historic der augsbargischen Konfeasion, ii. 902 sqq., 3 vols., Halle, 1730-35; M. Toppen, Die Griindung der Universitat zu Konigsberg, passim, Konigsberg, 1844; W. Moller, Andreas Osiander, 309 sqq., et passim, Elberfeld, 1870; P. Tsehackert, Urkundenbuch zur Rejormationa Geschichte des Herzogtums Prewssen, i. 294 sqq., and vol. iii., Leipsic. 1890; ADB, xxxv. 457 sqq. STARBUCK, EDWIN DILLER: Writer on the psychology of religion; b. at Bridgeport, Ind., Feb. 20, 1866. He received his education at In diana University (B.A., 1890), Harvard University (M.A., 1895), and Clark University (Ph.D., 1897); was professor of mathematics in Vincennes Uni versity, Ind., 1891-93; assistant professor of edu cation in Leland Stanford Jr. University, Cal., 1897 1903; professor of education in Earlham College, Ind., 1904-06; and of philosophy in the State Uni-

versity of Iowa since 1908. His interest for theology lies in his contributions to the psychology of religion, among which may be noted: Psychology of Religion (London and New York, 1899; Germ. transl., Leipsic, 1909); a series of studies on " The Child Mind and Child Religion " in The Biblical World, Jan., 1907-08; and on, "Reinforcement to the Pulpit from Modern Psychology " in The Homiletic Review, 1907-09. His theological position is that of monistic idealism.

STARCK, sht6rk, JOHANN FRIEDRICH: Ger man author; b. at Hildesheim (18 m. s.e. of Han over) Oct. 10, 1680; d. at Frankfort-on-the-Main July 17, 1756. While at the University of Giessen he was greatly influenced by the hours of devotion. After being preacher at the home of the poor and orphans at Frankfort, he became deacon of the Ger man church at Geneva, 1709-11; pastor at Sachsen hausen 1715, and at Frankfort, 1723; and member of the consistory 1742. Starek represented a mild, practical Pietism after the model of Spener, and his career of thirty years at Frankfort was marked by private meetings for devotion after the Sunday afternoon services, interest in maintaining the sacred observance of the Sabbath, the seeking of souls, and personal charity. He exerted a far reaching influence by his numerous devotional writings. His principal work, which 'made his a household name in all Evangelical Germany, is Tkg liches Handbuch in guten and btisen Tagen (4 parts, Frankfort, 1727; 6 parts, 1731; latest ed., 1907; Eng, transl., Daily Handbook, Philadelphia, no date). The work is composed of long prayers, introduced by a brief instruction based on a passage of Scripture to induce a devout attitude on the subject of the peti tion. The prayer is followed by a hymn written by Starek. Some of his sermons were published as Sonr- and Festtags-Andaehtert fiber die Evangelien (Reutlingen, 1854); the same fiber die Episteln. (Stuttgart, 1845; Nuremberg, 1881). He was the author also of Giildnes Schatzkkstlein (Frankfort, 1857). (HERMANN BECR.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The current editions of the Handbuch contain a sketch. The fundamental source is the account furnished by himself in E. F. Neubauer's Nachrichten von den jetztlebenden Theologen, ii. 884-898, Ziilliehau, 1784. Consult further: J. M. H. Doring, Die gelehrten Theolopen Dentschlands, iv. 307-311, Neuatadt, 1835; E. E. Koch, Geschichte des Kirchenlieds and %irchengesanges, iv. 543549, Stuttgart, 1878; C. Grosse, Die alien TrSster, pp. 335-370, Hermannsburg, 1900.

STARKE, shtar'ke, CHRISTOPH: German exegete; b. at Freienwalde (33 m. n.e. of Berlin) Mar. 21, 1684; d. at Driesen (64 m. n.e. of Frankfort) Dec. 12, 1744. He studied at Halle, coming under the influence of Spener and Breithaupt (qq.v.); became pastor and teacher at Nennhausen near Rathenow, 1709; first preacher and military chaplain at Driesen, in 1737, where the rest of his life was passed. He wrote in German a well-known theological-homiletical commentary upon the Bible under the Latin title Synopsis Bibliothecce exegeticte in V. et N. Testamentatttm (9 vols., Leipsic, 1733-41). The parts on the Psalms, the writings attributed to Solomon, and the major prophets were contributed by his son, Johann Georg. See BIBLES, ANNOTATED, L, § 5.