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57 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA sports Spurgeon cial organ of the Evangelical Association, a position which he still retains. He was likewise president of the Missionary Society of the Evangelical Asso ciation in 1894-95 and secretary of the same body in 1904-07, and a member of the committee to re vise the discipline of his denomination in 1895-99, while he has also been book editor since 1887, and president of the Young People's Alliance of the Evangelical Association since 1895. In theology he is " an Arminian of the Evangelical type," arid has written Rays of Light on the Highway to Success (Cleveland, O., 1885) ; Life and Labors of Bishop John Seybert (1888); History of the Evangelical As sociation (New York, 1894); and The Sinner and his Saviour: or, The Way of Salvation made Plain (Cleveland, 1906). SPRING, GARDINER: American Presbyterian; b. at Newburyport, Mass., Feb. 24, 1785; d. in New York Aug. 18, 1873. He was graduated from Yale College, 1805; taught in Bermuda, 1805-07; was admitted to the bar, 1808; abandoned law for theology, and studied at Andover Theological Semi nary, 1809-10; was ordained pastor of the Brick (Presbyterian) Church, Aug. 8, 1810, and held the position till his death. The first four years of his ministry were years of steady, quiet growth, but from 1814 to 1834 there were frequent revivals. He took part in the formation of the American Bible Society (1816), American Tract Society (1825), and American Home Missionary Society (1826). His congregation first met in Beckman Street, but in 1856 removed to Fifth Avenue and Thirty-sixth Street. After 1861 he had a colleague. His minis try was remarkable both for length and power. His principal publications were Essays on the Distin guishing Traits of Christian Character (New York, 1813); Memoirs of the Rev. S. J. Mills, Late Mis sionary to the Southwestern Section of the United States (1820); An Appeal to the Citizens of New York, on Behalf of the Christian Sabbath (1823); The Attraction of the Cross; designed to illustrate the lead ing Truths, Obligations, and Hopes of Christianity (1846); The Bible not of Man; or, the Argument for the divine Origin of the sacred Scriptures, drawn from the Scriptures themselves (1847); First Things. A Series of Lectures on the great Facts and moral Les sons ,first revealed to Mankind (2d ed., 2 vols., 1851); The First Woman (1852); Pulpit Ministrations; or, Sabbath Readings. A Series of Discourses on Chris tian Doctrine and Duty (1864); Personal Reminis cences of the Life and Times of Gardiner Spring (2 vols., 1866); and occasional sermons and collections of sermons. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Besides his Personal Reminiscences, ut sup., consult the Memorial Discourse of J. O. Murray, New York, (18731; and S. Knapp, Hisl. of the Brick Presbyterian Church, N. Y., New York, 1909. SPRING, SAMUEL: American theologian; b. at Northbridge, Mass., Feb. 27, 1746; d. at New buryport, Mass., Mar. 4, 1819. He graduated at Princeton College in 1771; studied theology under John Witherspoon, Joseph Bellamy, Samuel Hop kins, and Stephen West (qq.v.). In 1775 he be came a chaplain in the continental army, joining a volunteer corps under Benedict Arnold, with which
he marched to Quebec. He was ordained to the ministry Aug. 6, 1777, and became pastor of the Second Congregational Church at Newburyport, Mass., which he served for over forty-one years. He was one of those who gave a powerful impulse to the cause of theological education, culminating in the founding of Andover Theological Seminary. He also assisted in the organization of the Massachusetts Historical Society and the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions. He was an editor of The Massachusetts Miasionary Magazine. His most memorable theological treatises are: Dialogue on the Nature of Duty (1784); and Moral Disquisitions and Strictures on the Rev. David Tappan's Lectures (2d ed., 1815).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, ii. 85-89, New York, 1859; 'ff. Walker in American Church History Series, iii. 323, 332, 349-351, ib. 1894; idem, Ten New England Leaders, passim, ib. 1901; A. E. Dunning, Congregationalists in America, pp. 288-288, ib. 1894.
SPRINZL, sprin'zl, JOSEF: Roman Catholic; b. at Linz (100 m. w. of Vienna), Austria, Mar. 9, 1839; d. at Prague Nov. 8, 1898. He studied in the priests' seminary at Linz, 185'7-61; was ordained priest, 1861; studied in the priests' institute at Vienna, 1861-64; became professor of theology in the Linz Seminary, 1864; professor of dogmatics at Salzburg University, 1875; ordinary professor of the same at Prague, 1881; spiritual councilor to the bishop of Linz Feb. 23, 1872, and of the princebishop of Salzburg Jan. 28, 1880. He published Die altkatholische Bewegung im Lichte des katholischen Glaubens (Linz, 1872); Handbuch der Fundamentaltheologie (Vienna, 1876); Die Theologie der apostolischen Vkter (1880); Compendium summarium, theologise dogmaticte in usum pnrlectionum academicarum concinnatum (1882).
SPROULL, spraul, THOMAS: Reformed Presbyterian (Old School); b. near Freeport, Pa., Sept. 15, 1303; d. in Pittsburg, Pa., Mar. 20, 1892. He was graduated from the Western University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, 1829; was pastor of the Reformed Presbyterian Congregation of Allegheny. and Pittsburg, 1834-68; professor in Reformed Presbyterian Western Theological Seminary, 18381840; in the united Eastern and Western Seminaries, 1840-X15; again from 1856; and professor emeritus from 1875. He edited The Reformed Presbyterian., 1855-62, and The Re /'ornzed Presbyterian and Covenanter, 1862-74, both published in Pittsburg, Pa. Besides sermons, he wrote Prelections on Theology (Pittsburg, 1882).
SPURGEON, spur'jun, CHARLES HADDON: English Baptist; b. at Kelvedon (40 m. n.e. of London), Essex, June 19, 1834; d. at blentone (13 m. n.e. of Nice), France, Jan. 31, 1892. His father and grandfather had been Independent ministers. From the age of seven to fifteen. he was educated in a school at Colchester; he spent a few months in an agricultural, college at Maidstone in 1842; and in 1849 became usher in a school at Newmarket, kept by a Baptist. As a youth he was subject to inner restlessness and conflict and dated his conversion from Dec. 6,1850, at the chapel of the Primi-
